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Tian Y, Dong L. On-The-Spot Sampling and Detection of Viral Particles on Solid Surfaces Using a Sponge Virus Sensor Incorporated with Finger-Press Fluid Release. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1978-1991. [PMID: 38564767 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents a sponge-based electrochemical sensor for rapid, on-site collection and analysis of infectious viruses on solid surfaces. The device utilizes a conducting porous sponge modified with graphene, graphene oxide, and specific antibodies. The sponge serves as a hydrophilic porous electrode capable of liquid collection and electrochemical measurements. The device operation involves spraying an aqueous solution on a target surface, swiping the misted surface using the sponge, discharging an electrolyte solution with a simple finger press, and performing in situ incubation and electrochemical measurements. By leveraging the water-absorbing ability of the biofunctionalized conducting sponge, the sensor can effectively collect and quantify virus particles from the surface. The portability of the device is enhanced by introducing a push-release feature that dispenses the liquid electrolyte from a miniature reservoir onto the sensor surface. This reservoir has sharp edges to rupture a liquid sealing film with a finger press. The ability of the device to sample and quantify viral particles is demonstrated by using influenza A virus as the model. The sensor provided a calculated limit of detection of 0.4 TCID50/mL for H1N1 virus, along with a practical concentration range from 1-106 TCID50/mL. Additionally, it achieves a 15% collection efficiency from single-run swiping on a tabletop surface. This versatile device allows for convenient on-site virus detection within minutes, eliminating the need for sample pretreatment and simplifying the entire sample collecting and measuring process. This device presents significant potential for rapid virus detection on solid surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Fonseca FN, Haach V, Bellaver FV, Bombassaro G, Gava D, da Silva LP, Baron LF, Simonelly M, Carvalho WA, Schaefer R, Bastos AP. Immunological profile of mice immunized with a polyvalent virosome-based influenza vaccine. Virol J 2023; 20:187. [PMID: 37605141 PMCID: PMC10463652 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A virus (IAV) causes respiratory disease in pigs and is a major concern for public health. Vaccination of pigs is the most successful measure to mitigate the impact of the disease in the herds. Influenza-based virosome is an effective immunomodulating carrier that replicates the natural antigen presentation pathway and has tolerability profile due to their purity and biocompatibility. METHODS This study aimed to develop a polyvalent virosome influenza vaccine containing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins derived from the swine IAVs (swIAVs) H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes, and to investigate its effectiveness in mice as a potential vaccine for swine. Mice were immunized with two vaccine doses (1 and 15 days), intramuscularly and intranasally. At 21 days and eight months later after the second vaccine dose, mice were euthanized. The humoral and cellular immune responses in mice vaccinated intranasally or intramuscularly with a polyvalent influenza virosomal vaccine were investigated. RESULTS Only intramuscular vaccination induced high hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers. Seroconversion and seroprotection (> 4-fold rise in HI antibody titers, reaching a titer of ≥ 1:40) were achieved in 80% of mice (intramuscularly vaccinated group) at 21 days after booster immunization. Virus-neutralizing antibody titers against IAV were detected at 8 months after vaccination, indicating long-lasting immunity. Overall, mice immunized with the virosome displayed greater ability for B, effector-T and memory-T cells from the spleen to respond to H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 antigens. CONCLUSIONS All findings showed an efficient immune response against IAVs in mice vaccinated with a polyvalent virosome-based influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Haach
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Haach V, Bastos APA, Gava D, da Fonseca FN, Morés MAZ, Coldebella A, Franco AC, Schaefer R. A polyvalent virosomal influenza vaccine induces broad cellular and humoral immunity in pigs. Virol J 2023; 20:181. [PMID: 37587490 PMCID: PMC10428566 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A virus (IAV) is endemic in pigs globally and co-circulation of genetically and antigenically diverse virus lineages of subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 is a challenge for the development of effective vaccines. Virosomes are virus-like particles that mimic virus infection and have proven to be a successful vaccine platform against several animal and human viruses. METHODS This study evaluated the immunogenicity of a virosome-based influenza vaccine containing the surface glycoproteins of H1N1 pandemic, H1N2 and H3N2 in pigs. RESULTS A robust humoral and cellular immune response was induced against the three IAV subtypes in pigs after two vaccine doses. The influenza virosome vaccine elicited hemagglutinin-specific antibodies and virus-neutralizing activity. Furthermore, it induced a significant maturation of macrophages, and proliferation of B lymphocytes, effector and central memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and CD8+ T lymphocytes producing interferon-γ. Also, the vaccine demonstrated potential to confer long-lasting immunity until the market age of pigs and proved to be safe and non-cytotoxic to pigs. CONCLUSIONS This virosome platform allows flexibility to adjust the vaccine content to reflect the diversity of circulating IAVs in swine in Brazil. The vaccination of pigs may reduce the impact of the disease on swine production and the risk of swine-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Haach
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle Gava
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil
| | - Francisco Noé da Fonseca
- Embrapa Sede, Parque Estação Biológica, Brasília, Distrito Federal, CEP 70770-901, Brazil
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil
| | | | - Arlei Coldebella
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Franco
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Rejane Schaefer
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil.
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Rawal G, Zhang J, Halbur PG, Gauger PC, Wang C, Opriessnig T. Experimental Infection of Pigs with a Traditional or a Variant Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV) Strain and Impact on Subsequent Influenza A Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:1031. [PMID: 37623991 PMCID: PMC10459072 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) pathogenicity in pigs has been characterized using traditional PRCV isolates; however, information is lacking on pathogenicity of currently circulating PRCV isolates. Recently, a contemporary US PRCV variant was isolated. The infection dynamics of that strain (PRCV-var) and a traditional PRCV strain (PRCV-trad) were compared. In brief, 4-week-old pigs were divided into three groups with five pigs each. The pigs were inoculated with PRCV-trad or PRCV-var, or left uninfected. Nasal swabs were collected daily, and all pigs were necropsied at day (D) 3. PRCV nasal shedding was significantly higher in PRCV-var pigs compared to PRCV-trad pigs. To investigate the impact of trad and var PRCVs on subsequent infection with influenza A virus (IAV), four additional groups of five pigs were used: PRCV-trad-IAV (PRCV-trad at D0, co-infected with IAV at D5), PRCV-var-IAV, and IAV positive and negative controls. Significantly higher mean PRCV antibody titers and a significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) for PRCV shedding were observed in PRCV-var compared to PRCV-trad-pigs at D10. There was no impact on IAV infection. In conclusion, a 2020 PRCV variant isolate was similar in pathogenicity but more transmissible compared to a traditional 1989 isolate. These findings raise concerns about virus evolution towards more highly pathogenic and transmissible strains and the need to monitor such viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Rawal
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (P.G.H.); (P.C.G.); (C.W.)
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (P.G.H.); (P.C.G.); (C.W.)
| | - Patrick G. Halbur
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (P.G.H.); (P.C.G.); (C.W.)
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (P.G.H.); (P.C.G.); (C.W.)
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (P.G.H.); (P.C.G.); (C.W.)
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (P.G.H.); (P.C.G.); (C.W.)
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
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Introductions of Human-Origin Seasonal H3N2, H1N2 and Pre-2009 H1N1 Influenza Viruses to Swine in Brazil. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020576. [PMID: 36851790 PMCID: PMC9966956 DOI: 10.3390/v15020576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In South America, the evolutionary history of influenza A virus (IAV) in swine has been obscured by historically low levels of surveillance, and this has hampered the assessment of the zoonotic risk of emerging viruses. The extensive genetic diversity of IAV in swine observed globally has been attributed mainly to bidirectional transmission between humans and pigs. We conducted surveillance in swine in Brazil during 2011-2020 and characterized 107 H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 IAVs. Phylogenetic analysis based on HA and NA segments revealed that human seasonal IAVs were introduced at least eight times into swine in Brazil since the mid-late 1980s. Our analyses revealed three genetic clades of H1 within the 1B lineage originated from three distinct spillover events, and an H3 lineage that has diversified into three genetic clades. The N2 segment from human seasonal H1N2 and H3N2 viruses was introduced into swine six times and a single introduction of an N1 segment from the human H1N1 virus was identified. Additional analysis revealed further reassortment with H1N1pdm09 viruses. All these introductions resulted in IAVs that apparently circulate only in Brazilian herds. These results reinforce the significant contributions of human IAVs to the genetic diversity of IAV in swine and reiterate the importance of surveillance of IAV in pigs.
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Zhang Q, Rawal G, Qian J, Ibrahim H, Zhang J, Dong L, Lu M. An integrated magneto-opto-fluidic biosensor for rapid on-chip assay of respiratory viruses of livestock. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3236-3244. [PMID: 35875988 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00406b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory disease is one of the most important causes of economic loss in swine production. In the USA, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and influenza A virus (IAV) are currently the top two primary viruses causing swine respiratory diseases. The commonly used PCR-based virus detection methods require virus extraction, nucleic acid purification, and detection, which are relatively time-consuming and expensive. This work reports an integrated magneto-opto-fluidic (iMOF) platform, in which antibody functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can enable efficient enrichment of multiple swine respiratory viruses and a photonic crystal (PC) biosensor can transduce the amount of captured MNP-virus nanoparticles to the change of their reflection signatures. Owing to the high refractive index of Fe2O3 MNPs, the use of MNPs can significantly enhance the PC sensor output. The proof-of-concept validation involves using antibody-functionalized MNPs to recognize IAV and PRRSV and transferring the formed MNP-virus conjugates onto the surface of the PC biosensors to quantify these viruses. The iMOF platform offers a high sensitivity of 3.5 TCID50 mL-1 and 5.9 TCID50 mL-1 for detecting IAV and PRRSV, respectively, and a rapid turnaround within one hour, including the MNP-virus conjugation, enrichment, and detection. The on-chip virus platform has a great potential for in-field surveillance of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinming Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Gaurav Rawal
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Jingjing Qian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Hussam Ibrahim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
- Microelectronics Research Centre, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Meng Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
- Microelectronics Research Centre, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Importin alpha 1 is required for the nucleus entry of Fowl Adenovirus serotype 4 Fiber-1 protein. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109351. [PMID: 35121306 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fiber-1 protein (F1) is the structural protein of Fowl Adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4), which could recondite the receptors of host cytomembrane. In this study, we firstly determined that F1 protein located in nucleus of LMH cells after infection with FAdV-4. We additionally revealed that F1 protein had a classic NLS, and the NLS was required for F1 nucleus entry, which was intently associated to the 26th Pro in NLS. The time rule result indicated that some F1 proteins firstly positioned in the nucleus 6 h posttranfection, and it entirely located in the nucleus 12 h posttranfection, then it ordinarily placed in cytoplasm 18 h posttranfection by means of microscopic fluorescence observation and Western Blotting. Then after transfection with pCI-neo-flag-F1 or infection with FAdV-4, the importin alpha 1 was once investigated whether or not it was required for F1 protein nucleus entry through immunofluorescence and/or Co-IP, results demonstrated that the F1 protein and importin alpha 1 co-located in the nucleus 6 h and 12 h posttranfection. The tiers of F1 protein vicinity in nucleus have been additionally investigated after knockdown expression or overexpression of importin alpha 1, and the results further revealed that importin alpha 1 used to be required for F1 protein nucleus entry. Finally, the function of F1 protein nucleus entry was investigated by qPCR, RT-PCR and Western Blotting, and the results revealed that F1 protein nucleus location was conducive to the proliferation of FAdV-4. In summary, we firstly reveal that the F1 protein of FAdV-4 locates in nucleus infected with FAdV-4, and confirm that importin alpha 1 binds to the NLS of F1 protein to nucleus localization, which promotes the proliferation of FAdV-4.
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Gomes JC, Masood AI, Silva LHDS, da Cruz Ferreira JRB, Freire Júnior AA, Rocha ALDS, de Oliveira LCP, da Silva NRC, Fernandes BJT, Dos Santos WP. Covid-19 diagnosis by combining RT-PCR and pseudo-convolutional machines to characterize virus sequences. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11545. [PMID: 34078924 PMCID: PMC8173023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic, a disease transmitted by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has already caused the infection of more than 120 million people, of which 70 million have been recovered, while 3 million people have died. The high speed of infection has led to the rapid depletion of public health resources in most countries. RT-PCR is Covid-19's reference diagnostic method. In this work we propose a new technique for representing DNA sequences: they are divided into smaller sequences with overlap in a pseudo-convolutional approach and represented by co-occurrence matrices. This technique eliminates multiple sequence alignment. Through the proposed method, it is possible to identify virus sequences from a large database: 347,363 virus DNA sequences from 24 virus families and SARS-CoV-2. When comparing SARS-CoV-2 with virus families with similar symptoms, we obtained [Formula: see text] for sensitivity and [Formula: see text] for specificity with MLP classifier and 30% overlap. When SARS-CoV-2 is compared to other coronaviruses and healthy human DNA sequences, we obtained [Formula: see text] for sensitivity and [Formula: see text] for specificity with MLP and 50% overlap. Therefore, the molecular diagnosis of Covid-19 can be optimized by combining RT-PCR and our pseudo-convolutional method to identify DNA sequences for SARS-CoV-2 with greater specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aras Ismael Masood
- Information Technology Department, Technical College of Informatics, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Leandro Honorato de S Silva
- Escola Politécnica da Universidade de Pernambuco, POLI-UPE, Recife, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba, Campus Cajazeiras, IFPB, Cajazeiras, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wellington Pinheiro Dos Santos
- Escola Politécnica da Universidade de Pernambuco, POLI-UPE, Recife, Brazil.
- Departamento de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, DEBM-UFPE, Recife, Brazil.
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Kanji JN, Pabbaraju K, Croxen M, Detmer S, Bastien N, Li Y, Majer A, Keshwani H, Zelyas N, Achebe I, Jones C, Rutz M, Jacobs A, Lehman K, Hinshaw D, Tipples G. Characterization of Swine Influenza A(H1N2) Variant, Alberta, Canada, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3045-3051. [PMID: 34808085 PMCID: PMC8632177 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.210298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza strains circulating among swine populations can cause outbreaks in humans. In October 2020, we detected a variant influenza A subtype H1N2 of swine origin in a person in Alberta, Canada. We initiated a public health, veterinary, and laboratory investigation to identify the source of the infection and determine whether it had spread. We identified the probable source as a local pig farm where a household contact of the index patient worked. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate closely resembled strains found at that farm in 2017. Retrospective and prospective surveillance using molecular testing did not identify any secondary cases among 1,532 persons tested in the surrounding area. Quick collaboration between human and veterinary public health practitioners in this case enabled a rapid response to a potential outbreak.
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