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Boliukh I, Rombel-Bryzek A, Bułdak RJ. Lectins in oncology and virology: Mechanisms of anticancer activity and SARS-CoV-2 inhibition. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133664. [PMID: 38969035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins of non-immune origin with carbohydrate-binding properties. They are found both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. The most abundant source of the lectins are plants. Many lectins have anticancer effects by directly exerting cytotoxic effects on malignant cells or indirectly activating the immune system. Lectins also have antiviral activities. These proteins can recognise glycoproteins on the surface of enveloped viruses and bind to them. This creates a physical barrier between them and the corresponding receptors on the surface of the host cell, which prevents the virus from entering the cell and can thus effectively inhibit the replication of the virus. In this review, we focus on the anticancer activities of selected lectins and the underlying mechanisms. We also discuss different types of lectins with antiviral activity. We have paid special attention to lectins with inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we outline the challenges of using lectins in therapy and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Boliukh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | | | - Rafał J Bułdak
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
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Martins Oliveira-Brito PK, de Campos GY, Guimarães JG, Machado MP, Serafim LC, Lazo Chica JE, Roque-Barreira MC, da Silva TA. Adjuvant ArtinM favored the host immunity against Cryptococcus gattii infection in C57BL/6 mice. Immunotherapy 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38940276 DOI: 10.1080/1750743x.2024.2360384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Cryptococcus gattii causes a severe fungal infection with high mortality rate among immunosuppressed and immunocompetent individuals. Due to limitation of current antifungal treatment, new immunotherapeutic approaches are explored. Methods: This study investigated an immunization strategy utilizing heat-inactivated C. gattii with ArtinM as an adjuvant. C57BL/6 mice were intranasally immunized with heat-killed C. gattii and ArtinM was administrated either before immunization or along with HK-C. gattii. Mice were infected with C. gattii and the efficacy of the immunization protocol was evaluated. Results: Mice that received ArtinM exhibited increased levels of IL-10 and relative expression of IL-23 in the lungs, reduced fungal burden and preserved tissue integrity post-infection. Conclusion: Adjuvant ArtinM improved immunization against C. gattii infection in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Kellen Martins Oliveira-Brito
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology & Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Yamazaki de Campos
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology & Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Garcia Guimarães
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology & Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michele Procópio Machado
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology & Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Costa Serafim
- Microbiology Postgraduate Program of the Microbiology Department of the Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICB) of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Javier Emílio Lazo Chica
- Institute of Natural & Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology & Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Aparecido da Silva
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology & Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Clinical Hematology Lab, Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Araraquara (FCFAR), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science & Technology in Human Pathogenic Fungi, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo,Brazil
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Nazeam JA, Singab ANB. Immunostimulant plant proteins: Potential candidates as vaccine adjuvants. Phytother Res 2022; 36:4345-4360. [PMID: 36128599 PMCID: PMC9538006 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is shaking up global scientific structures toward addressing antibiotic resistance threats and indicates an urgent need to develop more cost-effective vaccines. Vaccine adjuvants play a crucial role in boosting immunogenicity and improving vaccine efficacy. The toxicity and adversity of most adjuvant formulations are the major human immunization problems, especially in routine pediatric and immunocompromised patients. The present review focused on preclinical studies of immunoadjuvant plant proteins in use with antiparasitic, antifungal, and antiviral vaccines. Moreover, this report outlines the current perspective of immunostimulant plant protein candidates that can be used by researchers in developing new generations of vaccine-adjuvants. Future clinical studies are required to substantiate the plant proteins' safety and applicability as a vaccine adjuvant in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilan A. Nazeam
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of PharmacyOctober 6 UniversityGizaEgypt
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Thermodynamic and structural aspects of molecular recognition in mannose-binding protein complexes: a theoretical study over HRP-ArtinM association. J Mol Model 2021; 27:107. [PMID: 33721076 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The biomolecular recognition of D-mannose-binding lectin from Artocarpus heterophyllus (ArtinM) by Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) mediated by glycosylation allows their application in a multitude of biological systems. The present work describes the use of molecular dynamics (MD) to assess the Gibbs free energy associated with the formation of a ArtinM-HRP conjugate mediated by a glycosylation molecule. For the enthalpy term, we applied the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) method and for the vibrational entropy term, we use the quasi-harmonic approximation. Our results show that, even without glycosylation, the binding free energy between ArtinM and HRP is - 196.154 kJmol- 1, an extremely high affinity with low selectivity, originated mainly through the van der Waals energy terms. The binding free energy between ArtinM and the glycosylated HRP (gHRP) was calculated at - 66.156 kJmol- 1, an absolute and considerably lower value, however, originated from electrostatic energy terms, which increases the selectivity of molecular recognition. Our work has shown that the HRP active site region has a high affinity and low selectivity for other biomolecules. The presence of glycosylation plays a role in increasing this selectivity for this region. Thus, we conclude that performing mutagenesis of amino acid residues near the entrance of the catalytic site, can improve the activity of non-glycosylated HRPs. This illustrates new insights that can be applied to carbohydrate-based immunochemistry.
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de Campos GY, Oliveira RA, Oliveira-Brito PKM, Roque-Barreira MC, da Silva TA. Pro-inflammatory response ensured by LPS and Pam3CSK4 in RAW 264.7 cells did not improve a fungistatic effect on Cryptococcus gattii infection. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10295. [PMID: 33304649 PMCID: PMC7698691 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The macrophage lineage is characterized by plasticity due to the acquisition of distinct functional phenotypes, and two major subsets are evaluated; classical M1 activation (strong microbicidal activity) and alternative M2 activation (immunoregulatory functions). The M1 subset expresses inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is a primary marker to identify these cells, whereas M2 macrophages are characterized by expression of Arginase-1, found in inflammatory zone 1 (Fizz1), chitinase-like molecule (Ym-1), and CD206. The micro-environmental stimuli and signals in tissues are critical in the macrophage polarization. Toll-like receptors (TLR) ligands, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), palmitoyl-3-cysteine-serine-lysine-4 (Pam3CSK4), and ArtinM (mannose-binding lectin) are inductors of M1 subset. The impact of TLR2 and TLR4 signals to fight against Cryptococcus gattii infection is unknown, which is a fungal pathogen that preferentially infects the lung of immunocompetent individuals. The macrophages initiate an immune response to combat the C. gattii, then we evaluated in RAW 264.7 cell the effect of TLR2 and TLR4 agonists on the macrophage polarization dynamic and the impact on the growth of C. gattii. Methods and Results We demonstrated that P3C4, LPS, and ArtinM induced an increase in the levels of iNOS transcripts in RAW 264.7 cells, whereas the relative expression of arginase-1, Ym-1, and Fizz1 was significantly increased in the presence of IL-4 alone. The effects of TLR2 and TLR4 agonists on repolarization from the M2 to M1 subset was evaluated, and the first stimulus was composed of IL-4 and, after 24 h of incubation, the cells were submitted to a second stimulus of P3C4, LPS, ArtinM, or Medium. These TLR agonists induced the production of TNF-α in polarized RAW 264.7 cells to the M2 subset, moreover the measurement of M1/M2 markers using qRT-PCR demonstrated that a second stimulus with LPS for 24 h induced a significant augmentation of levels of iNOS mRNA. This impact of TLR2 and TLR4 agonists in the activation of the RAW 264.7 macrophage was assayed in the presence of C. gattii, the macrophages stimulated with TLR2 and TLR4 agonists for 24 h and co-cultured with C. gattii, as a second stimulus, reached high levels of TNF-α even after incubation with different concentrations of C. gattii. The activation of RAW 264.7 cells induced by TLR2 and TLR4 agonists favored the phagocytosis of C. gattii and inhibited the growth of yeast in the early period of infection. However, RAW 264.7 cells incubated with C. gattii in the presence of TLR2 and TLR4 agonists did not result a significant difference in the colony forming unit (CFU) assay in the early period of C. gattii infection, compared to negative control. Conclusion Polarized RAW 264.7 cells to the M1 subset with TLR2 and TLR4 agonists did not inhibit the growth of C. gattii, whereas robust immunity was identified that could dysregulate host tolerance to this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Yamazaki de Campos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Amorim Oliveira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Kellen Martins Oliveira-Brito
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Aparecido da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rodríguez-Morales O, Cabrera-Mata JJ, Carrillo-Sánchez SDC, Gutiérrez-Ocejo RA, Baylón-Pacheco L, Pérez-Reyes OL, Rosales-Encina JL, Aranda-Fraustro A, Hernández-García S, Arce-Fonseca M. Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water Modulates the Immune Response in BALB/c Mice Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Pathogens 2020; 9:E974. [PMID: 33238401 PMCID: PMC7700191 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a major public health problem in Latin America. The mixed Th1/Th2 immune response is required against Trypanosoma cruzi. Electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) has been shown to have germicidal efficacy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the EOW effectiveness in T. cruzi-infected BALB/c mice clinically, immunologically, and histologically. The severity of the infection was assessed by parasitaemia, general health condition, mortality, mega syndromes, and histological lesions. IgG, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-1 beta levels were quantified. The EOW administration showed a beneficial effect on parasitaemia, general physical condition, and mortality. High levels of IgG1 at 50 days postinfection were observed. Prophylactic EOW treatment was able to induce a predominantly TH1 immune response based on an IgG2a levels increase at the late acute phase, and a 10-fold increase of INF-gamma in whole acute phase. EOW was able to control the acute phase infection as effectively as benznidazole. Splenomegaly was caused by EOW treatment and lymphadenopathy was stimulated by T. cruzi infection in all groups. Severe tissue damage was not prevented by EOW treatments. Moderate efficacy may be due to immunomodulatory properties and not to a direct toxic effect on the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Rodríguez-Morales
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Proteomics, Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.R.-M.); (J.J.C.-M.); (S.d.C.C.-S.); (R.A.G.-O.)
| | - Juan José Cabrera-Mata
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Proteomics, Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.R.-M.); (J.J.C.-M.); (S.d.C.C.-S.); (R.A.G.-O.)
| | - Silvia del C. Carrillo-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Proteomics, Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.R.-M.); (J.J.C.-M.); (S.d.C.C.-S.); (R.A.G.-O.)
| | - Rodolfo A. Gutiérrez-Ocejo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Proteomics, Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.R.-M.); (J.J.C.-M.); (S.d.C.C.-S.); (R.A.G.-O.)
| | - Lidia Baylón-Pacheco
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (L.B.-P.); (J.L.R.-E.)
| | - Olga L. Pérez-Reyes
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.L.P.-R.); (A.A.-F.)
| | - José Luis Rosales-Encina
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (L.B.-P.); (J.L.R.-E.)
| | - Alberto Aranda-Fraustro
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.L.P.-R.); (A.A.-F.)
| | - Sergio Hernández-García
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Minerva Arce-Fonseca
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Proteomics, Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (O.R.-M.); (J.J.C.-M.); (S.d.C.C.-S.); (R.A.G.-O.)
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