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Saso W, Yamasaki M, Nakakita SI, Fukushi S, Tsuchimoto K, Watanabe N, Sriwilaijaroen N, Kanie O, Muramatsu M, Takahashi Y, Matano T, Takeda M, Suzuki Y, Watashi K. Significant role of host sialylated glycans in the infection and spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010590. [PMID: 35700214 PMCID: PMC9197039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been transmitted across all over the world, in contrast to the limited epidemic of genetically- and virologically-related SARS-CoV. However, the molecular basis explaining the difference in the virological characteristics among SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV has been poorly defined. Here we identified that host sialoglycans play a significant role in the efficient spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection, while this was not the case with SARS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 infection was significantly inhibited by α2-6-linked sialic acid-containing compounds, but not by α2–3 analog, in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. The α2-6-linked compound bound to SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 subunit to competitively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 attachment to cells. Enzymatic removal of cell surface sialic acids impaired the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and suppressed the efficient spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection over time, in contrast to its least effect on SARS-CoV spread. Our study provides a novel molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 infection which illustrates the distinctive characteristics from SARS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2, which has been highly transmissible and rapidly spreading worldwide, has caused approximately 458 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 with more than 6 million deaths by March 2022. Here we found that SARS-CoV-2 infection was significantly inhibited by α2-6-linked sialic acid-containing compounds and by depletion of cell surface sialic acid with only a minor effect on SARS-CoV infection. We identified that SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 subunit directly binds to α2-6-linked sialoglycans for efficient attachment to host cell surface. Our finding indicated that host sialoglycans play a significant role in the efficient infection of SARS-CoV-2, which provides a novel understanding of the molecular basis explaining the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 over SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Saso
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Yamasaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Nakakita
- Department of Functional Glycomics, Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Tsuchimoto
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Watanabe
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Osamu Kanie
- Micro/Nano Technology Center and Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (Y.S); (K.W)
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- MIRAI, JST, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (Y.S); (K.W)
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Vavricka CJ, Sriwilaijaroen N, Suzuki Y, Kiyota H. Synthesis and Neuraminidase Inhibitory Activity of Sialic Acid Analogues with Fluoro, Phosphono, and Sulfo Functionalities. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2556:303-320. [PMID: 36175641 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2635-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Methods to synthesize influenza virus inhibitors with fluoro, phosphono, and/or sulfo functional groups are described. The resulting sialic acid analogues are produced from the natural substrate N-acetylneuraminic acid as starting material. Fluorescent assay methods for inhibition of influenza neuraminidase and virus proliferation are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Kiyota
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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Sriwilaijaroen N, Suzuki Y. Host Receptors of Influenza Viruses and Coronaviruses-Molecular Mechanisms of Recognition. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E587. [PMID: 33036202 PMCID: PMC7712180 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the four genera of influenza viruses (IVs) and the four genera of coronaviruses (CoVs), zoonotic αIV and βCoV have occasionally caused airborne epidemic outbreaks in humans, who are immunologically naïve, and the outbreaks have resulted in high fatality rates as well as social and economic disruption and losses. The most devasting influenza A virus (IAV) in αIV, pandemic H1N1 in 1918, which caused at least 40 million deaths from about 500 million cases of infection, was the first recorded emergence of IAVs in humans. Usually, a novel human-adapted virus replaces the preexisting human-adapted virus. Interestingly, two IAV subtypes, A/H3N2/1968 and A/H1N1/2009 variants, and two lineages of influenza B viruses (IBV) in βIV, B/Yamagata and B/Victoria lineage-like viruses, remain seasonally detectable in humans. Both influenza C viruses (ICVs) in γIV and four human CoVs, HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 in αCoV and HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 in βCoV, usually cause mild respiratory infections. Much attention has been given to CoVs since the global epidemic outbreaks of βSARS-CoV in 2002-2004 and βMERS-CoV from 2012 to present. βSARS-CoV-2, which is causing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic that has resulted in 890,392 deaths from about 27 million cases of infection as of 8 September 2020, has provoked worldwide investigations of CoVs. With the aim of developing efficient strategies for controlling virus outbreaks and recurrences of seasonal virus variants, here we overview the structures, diversities, host ranges and host receptors of all IVs and CoVs and critically review current knowledge of receptor binding specificity of spike glycoproteins, which mediates infection, of IVs and of zoonotic, pandemic and seasonal CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
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