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Salzillo C, Imparato A, Fortarezza F, Maniglio S, Lucà S, La Verde M, Serio G, Marzullo A. Gonadal Teratomas: A State-of-the-Art Review in Pathology. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2412. [PMID: 39001474 PMCID: PMC11240729 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Teratomas are neoplasms arising from germ cells and encompass tissues derived from two or more embryonic germ layers, including ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These tumours typically localize along the midline or in paramedian positions and can manifest as gonadal (20%) or extragonadal (80%) entities. Although gonadal teratomas are uncommon, they represent the predominant type of gonadal tumour in the paediatric population. They comprise approximately 20-25% of all ovarian tumours in females and about 3-5% of all testicular tumours in males. Ovarian teratomas exhibit a higher incidence in early childhood and adolescence, whereas testicular teratomas are more prevalent during the first three months of life and between the ages of 15 and 19. While the majority of paediatric gonadal teratomas are benign, malignant or mixed variants may also arise, necessitating more aggressive therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Salzillo
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Pathology Unit, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, PhD Course in Public Health, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Amalia Imparato
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Fortarezza
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, University Hospital of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Sonia Maniglio
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Pathology Unit, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Lucà
- Department of Experimental Medicine, PhD Course in Public Health, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco La Verde
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Serio
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Pathology Unit, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Marzullo
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Pathology Unit, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
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Cabral ERM, Pacanhella MF, Lengert AVH, dos Reis MB, Leal LF, de Lima MA, da Silva ALV, Pinto IA, Reis RM, Pinto MT, Cárcano FM. Somatic mutation detection and KRAS amplification in testicular germ cell tumors. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1133363. [PMID: 37007070 PMCID: PMC10060882 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1133363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular Germ Cell Tumors (TGCT) are the most common cancer among young adult men. The TGCT histopathology is diverse, and the frequency of genomic alterations, along with their prognostic role, remains largely unexplored. Herein, we evaluate the mutation profile of a 15-driver gene panel and copy number variation of KRAS in a large series of TGCT from a single reference cancer center. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cohort of 97 patients with TGCT, diagnosed at the Barretos Cancer Hospital, was evaluated. Real-time PCR was used to assess copy number variation (CNV) of the KRAS gene in 51 cases, and the mutation analysis was performed using the TruSight Tumor 15 (Illumina) panel (TST15) in 65 patients. Univariate analysis was used to compare sample categories in relation to mutational frequencies. Survival analysis was conducted by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. RESULTS KRAS copy number gain was a very frequent event (80.4%) in TGCT and presented a worse prognosis compared with the group with no KRAS copy gain (10y-OS, 90% vs. 81.5%, p = 0.048). Among the 65 TGCT cases, different variants were identified in 11 of 15 genes of the panel, and the TP53 gene was the most recurrently mutated driver gene (27.7%). Variants were also detected in genes such as KIT, KRAS, PDGFRA, EGFR, BRAF, RET, NRAS, PIK3CA, MET, and ERBB2, with some of them potentially targetable. CONCLUSION Although larger studies incorporating collaborative networks may shed the light on the molecular landscape of TGCT, our findings unveal the potential of actionable variants in clinical management for applying targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andre V. H. Lengert
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Mariana B. dos Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Leticia F. Leal
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
- Barretos School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata – FACISB, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Marcos A. de Lima
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | | | - Icaro A. Pinto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Rui M. Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- 3ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana T. Pinto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Flavio M. Cárcano
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
- Division of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Oncoclínicas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Satturwar SP, Khader SN, Quiroga-Garza GM. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization test performed on cell blocks is useful for establishing germ cell origin of metastatic tumors with unusual clinical presentation. Diagn Cytopathol 2022; 50:E267-E274. [PMID: 35612406 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The majority of germ cell tumors (GCTs) are characterized by iso-chromosome 12p (i12p) abnormality. The aim of this study is to review the cytomorphologic features and analyze the utility of i12p fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) test in diagnosing metastatic GCTs primarily evaluated by cytologic techniques in patients without prior history of GCTs. The laboratory information system was queried over a period of 10 years to search for cases where i12p FISH test was requested on cytology material. FISH test was performed using TelVysion 12p telomeric probe and CEP 12 centromere probe on cell-blocks. A ratio of 12ptel/CEP12 signal of 1.4 or greater was considered as positive. Patient demographics, clinical presentation, cytopathologic findings, and follow-up surgical resection data were reviewed and correlated. A total of three cases were identified, all men (age range 31-60 years). Cytologic diagnoses were favor metastatic embryonal carcinoma (Case 1, retroperitoneal fluid FNA), metastatic yolk sac tumor/YST (Case 2, lung mass FNA) and adenocarcinoma, likely representing a somatic-type malignancy (SM) arising from a preexisting GCT (Case 3, retroperitoneal mass FNA). This limited study demonstrated high sensitivity for detecting i12p abnormality by FISH test performed on cell blocks. The cytomorphology of extra-gonadal GCTs varies according to the histologic subtype. Sarcomatoid morphology of YST, SM or mixed GCTs further complicates cytology evaluation. FISH test for detection of i12p performed on cell-blocks is extremely useful in establishing germ cell origin of these metastatic GTCs with unusual cytomorphology and guides management in patients without prior history of GCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati P Satturwar
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Samer N Khader
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Zito Marino F, Brunelli M, Rossi G, Calabrese G, Caliò A, Nardiello P, Martignoni G, Squire JA, Cheng L, Massi D, Franco R. Multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization diagnostic applications in solid and hematological tumors. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:161-173. [PMID: 33593207 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1887733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Multitarget FISH (mFISH) is a technique allowing for simultaneous detection of multiple targets sequences on the same slide through the choice of spectrally distinct fluorophore labels. The mFISH could represent a useful tool in the field of precision oncology.Areas covered: This review discusses the potential applications of mFISH technology in the molecular diagnosis of different solid and hematological tumors, including non-small cell lung cancers, melanomas, renal cell carcinomas, bladder carcinomas, germ cell tumors, and multiple myeloma, as commonly required in the clinical practice.Expert Opinion: In this emerging era of the tailored therapies and newer histo-molecular classifications, there are increasing numbers of predictive and diagnostic biomarkers required for effective clinical care. The mFISH approach may have several applications in the common clinical practice, improving the molecular diagnosis in terms of time, cost and preservation of biomaterial for tumors with a limited amount of tumor available. The mFISH provides several advantages compared to other high-throughput technologies; however, it requires high level of expertise required to interpret complex results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Zito Marino
- Department of Mental and Physic Health and Preventive Medicine, Pathology Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulio Rossi
- Pathology Unit, Ospedale Santa Maria Delle Croci, Ravenna, Italy
| | | | - Anna Caliò
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pamela Nardiello
- Section of Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Guido Martignoni
- Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jeremy A Squire
- Departments of Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Daniela Massi
- Section of Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Department of Mental and Physic Health and Preventive Medicine, Pathology Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
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