Detection of Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expression in Lung Cancer Clinical Samples by an Automated Immunohistochemistry System

Best Practices for Technical Reproducibility Assessment of Multiplex Immunofluorescence

Multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) tyramide signal amplification is a new and useful tool for the study of cancer that combines the staining of multiple markers in a single slide. Several technical requirements are important to performing high-quality staining and analysis and to obtaining high internal and external reproducibility of the results. This review manuscript aimed to describe the mIF panel workflow and discuss the challenges and solutions for ensuring that mIF panels have the highest reproducibility possible. Although this platform has shown high flexibility in cancer studies, it presents several challenges in pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic evaluation, as well as with external comparisons. Adequate antibody selection, antibody optimization and validation, panel design, staining optimization and validation, analysis strategies, and correct data generation are important for reproducibility and to minimize or identify possible issues during the mIF staining process that sometimes are not completely under our control, such as the tissue fixation process, storage, and cutting procedures.