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Accardo F, Prandi B, Dellafiora L, Tedeschi T, Sforza S. How D-amino acids embedded in the protein sequence modify its digestibility: Behaviour of digestive enzymes tested on a model peptide used as target. Food Chem 2024; 458:140175. [PMID: 38964099 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
D-amino acids can affect the action of digestive enzymes, hence the protein digestion. In this work the behaviour of the main stomach and gut digestive enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin) in the presence of D-amino acids in the protein chain was monitored over time using a model peptide, Ac-LDAQSAPLRVYVE-NH2 (belonging to β-lactoglobulin, position 48-60), where L-amino acids were systematically substituted by D-amino acids. The results showed several changes in the behaviour of digestive enzymes, not only when the D-amino acids are inserted at the specific cleavage sites (after Val-57), but in some cases also when in distant positions. The effect seemed more pronounced in the case of pepsin rather than the gut enzymes, possibly indicating a better resilience of the upper gut phase of digestion to racemization. These results demonstrated that racemization could impair nutritional value by slowing down digestibility and has different effects according to the enzyme/amino acids involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Accardo
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Prandi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Tullia Tedeschi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Stefano Sforza
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Chi LA, Asgharpour S, Correa-Basurto J, Bandala CR, Martínez-Archundia M. Unveiling the G4-PAMAM capacity to bind and protect Ang-(1-7) bioactive peptide by molecular dynamics simulations. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2022; 36:653-675. [PMID: 35934747 PMCID: PMC9358120 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-022-00470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) re-balance the Renin-Angiotensin system affected during several pathologies, including the new COVID-19; cardiovascular diseases; and cancer. However, one of the limiting factors for its therapeutic use is its short half-life, which might be overcome with the use of dendrimers as nanoprotectors. In this work, we addressed the following issues: (1) the capacity of our computational protocol to reproduce the experimental structural features of the (hydroxyl/amino)-terminated PAMAM dendrimers as well as the Angiotensin-(1-7) peptide; (2) the coupling of Angiotensin-(1-7) to (hydroxyl/amino)-terminated PAMAM dendrimers in order to gain insight into the structural basis of its molecular binding; (3) the capacity of the dendrimers to protect Angiotensin-(1-7); and (4) the effect of pH changes on the peptide binding and covering. Our Molecular-Dynamics/Metadynamics-based computational protocol well modeled the structural experimental features reported in the literature and our double-docking approach was able to provide reasonable initial structures for stable complexes. At neutral pH, PAMAM dendrimers with both terminal types were able to interact stably with 3 Angiotensin-(1-7) peptides through ASP1, TYR4 and PRO7 key amino acids. In general, they bind on the surface in the case of the hydroxyl-terminated compact dendrimer and in the internal zone in the case of the amino-terminated open dendrimer. At acidic pH, PAMAM dendrimers with both terminal groups are still able to interact with peptides either internalized or in its periphery, however, the number of contacts, the percentage of coverage and the number of hydrogen bonds are lesser than at neutral pH, suggesting a state for peptide release. In summary, amino-terminated PAMAM dendrimer showed slightly better features to bind, load and protect Angiotensin-(1-7) peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- L América Chi
- Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Somayeh Asgharpour
- IAS-5/INM-9, Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Cindy Rodríguez Bandala
- Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Neurociencias Básicas, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación LGII, Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Colonia Arenal de Guadalupe, Alcaldía Tlalpan, 14389, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marlet Martínez-Archundia
- Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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