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Zou YT, Li JY, Chai JY, Hu YS, Zhang WJ, Zhang Q. The impact of the P2X7 receptor on the tumor immune microenvironment and its effects on tumor progression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 707:149513. [PMID: 38508051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a significant global health concern, and finding effective methods to treat it has been a focus of scientific research. It has been discovered that the growth, invasion, and metastasis of tumors are closely related to the environment in which they exist, known as the tumor microenvironment (TME). The immune response interacting with the tumor occurring within the TME constitutes the tumor immune microenvironment, and the immune response can lead to anti-tumor and pro-tumor outcomes and has shown tremendous potential in immunotherapy. A channel called the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has been identified within the TME. It is an ion channel present in various immune cells and tumor cells, and its activation can lead to inflammation, immune responses, angiogenesis, immunogenic cell death, and promotion of tumor development. This article provides an overview of the structure, function, and pharmacological characteristics of P2X7R. We described the concept and components of tumor immune microenvironment and the influence immune components has on tumors. We also outlined the impact of P2X7R regulation and how it affects the development of tumors and summarized the effects of drugs targeting P2X7R on tumor progression, both past and current, assisting researchers in treating tumors using P2X7R as a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Zou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Jin-Yuan Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Jun-Yi Chai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Yu-Shan Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China.
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Orthopedics Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, 343000, China
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Zhan T, Tang S, Du J, Liu J, Yu B, Yang Y, Xie Y, Qiu Y, Li G, Gao Y. Implication of lncRNA MSTRG.81401 in Hippocampal Pyroptosis Induced by P2X7 Receptor in Type 2 Diabetic Rats with Neuropathic Pain Combined with Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1186. [PMID: 38256257 PMCID: PMC10816120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common complication of diabetes and is often observed alongside diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) as a comorbidity in diabetic patients. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays an important role in various pathophysiological processes. The P2X7 receptor is responsible for triggering inflammatory responses, such as pyroptosis, linked to pain and depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lncRNA MSTRG.81401 on hippocampal pyroptosis induced by the P2X7 receptor in diabetic rats with DNP combined with MDD (DNP + MDD). Our results showed that the expression of lncRNA MSTRG.81401 was significantly elevated in the hippocampus of DNP + MDD rats compared with the control group. Following the administration of shRNA targeting lncRNA MSTRG.81401, a notable elevation in mechanical and thermal pain thresholds was observed in rats with comorbid DNP and MDD. Additionally, significant improvements in depression-like behaviors were evident in the open-field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), and forced swim test (FST). In the DNP + MDD rats, elevated levels in hippocampal P2X7 receptor mRNA and protein were observed, along with increased co-expression of P2X7 and the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Meanwhile, in DNP + MDD rats, the heightened mRNA expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), pyroptosis-related protein Gasdermin D (GSDMD), caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α was detected, in addition to increased serum levels of IL-1β, IL-18 and TNF-α. After shRNA treatment with lncRNA MSTRG.81401, the above abnormal changes in indicators for pyroptosis and inflammation were improved. Therefore, our study demonstrates that shRNA of lncRNA MSTRG.81401 can alleviate the pain and depression-like behaviors in diabetic rats associated with the comorbidity of DNP and MDD by inhibiting the hippocampal P2X7 receptor-mediated pyroptosis pathway and pro-inflammatory responses. This suggests that the P2X7R/NLRP3/caspase-1 implicated pyroptosis and inflammatory scenario may serve as a potential target for the management of comorbid DNP and MDD in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhan
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (T.Z.); (S.T.); (J.D.); (Y.Y.); (Y.X.); (Y.Q.); (G.L.)
| | - Shanshan Tang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (T.Z.); (S.T.); (J.D.); (Y.Y.); (Y.X.); (Y.Q.); (G.L.)
| | - Junpei Du
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (T.Z.); (S.T.); (J.D.); (Y.Y.); (Y.X.); (Y.Q.); (G.L.)
| | - Jingshuang Liu
- Joint Program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Bodong Yu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (T.Z.); (S.T.); (J.D.); (Y.Y.); (Y.X.); (Y.Q.); (G.L.)
| | - Yuting Xie
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (T.Z.); (S.T.); (J.D.); (Y.Y.); (Y.X.); (Y.Q.); (G.L.)
| | - Yanting Qiu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (T.Z.); (S.T.); (J.D.); (Y.Y.); (Y.X.); (Y.Q.); (G.L.)
| | - Guodong Li
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (T.Z.); (S.T.); (J.D.); (Y.Y.); (Y.X.); (Y.Q.); (G.L.)
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (T.Z.); (S.T.); (J.D.); (Y.Y.); (Y.X.); (Y.Q.); (G.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang 330006, China
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Adinolfi E, De Marchi E, Grignolo M, Szymczak B, Pegoraro A. The P2X7 Receptor in Oncogenesis and Metastatic Dissemination: New Insights on Vesicular Release and Adenosinergic Crosstalk. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13906. [PMID: 37762206 PMCID: PMC10531279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor niche is an environment rich in extracellular ATP (eATP) where purinergic receptors have essential roles in different cell subtypes, including cancer, immune, and stromal cells. Here, we give an overview of recent discoveries regarding the role of probably the best-characterized purinergic receptor in the tumor microenvironment: P2X7. We cover the activities of the P2X7 receptor and its human splice variants in solid and liquid cancer proliferation, dissemination, and crosstalk with immune and endothelial cells. Particular attention is paid to the P2X7-dependent release of microvesicles and exosomes, their content, including ATP and miRNAs, and, in general, P2X7-activated mechanisms favoring metastatic spread and niche conditioning. Moreover, the emerging role of P2X7 in influencing the adenosinergic axis, formed by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 and the adenosine receptor A2A in cancer, is analyzed. Finally, we cover how antitumor therapy responses can be influenced by or can change P2X7 expression and function. This converging evidence suggests that P2X7 is an attractive therapeutic target for oncological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Adinolfi
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.D.M.); (M.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Elena De Marchi
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.D.M.); (M.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Marianna Grignolo
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.D.M.); (M.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Bartosz Szymczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Anna Pegoraro
- Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (E.D.M.); (M.G.); (A.P.)
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Kozlovskiy S, Pislyagin E, Menchinskaya E, Chingizova E, Kaluzhskiy L, Ivanov AS, Likhatskaya G, Agafonova I, Sabutski Y, Polonik S, Manzhulo I, Aminin D. Tetracyclic 1,4-Naphthoquinone Thioglucoside Conjugate U-556 Blocks the Purinergic P2X7 Receptor in Macrophages and Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Activity In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12370. [PMID: 37569745 PMCID: PMC10418395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) are ligand-gated ion channels that play a significant role in inflammation and are considered a potential therapeutic target for some inflammatory diseases. We have previously shown that a number of synthetic 1,4-naphthoquinones are capable of blocking P2X7Rs in neuronal and macrophage cells. In the present investigation, we have demonstrated the ability of the tetracyclic quinone-thioglucoside conjugate U-556, derived from 1,4-naphthoquinone thioglucoside, to inhibit ATP-induced Ca2+ influx and YO-PRO-1 dye uptake, which indicates blocking P2X7R in RAW 264.7 macrophages. This process was accompanied by the inhibition of ATP-induced reactive oxygen species production in macrophages, as well as the macrophage survival strengthening under ATP toxic effects. Nevertheless, U-556 had no noticeable antioxidant capacity. Naphthoquinone-thioglucoside conjugate U-556 binding to the extracellular part of the P2X7R was confirmed by SPR analysis, and the kinetic characteristics of this complex formation were established. Computer modeling predicted that U-556 binds the P2X7R allosteric binding site, topographically similar to that of the specific A438079 blocker. The study of biological activity in in vivo experiments shows that tetracylic conjugate significantly reduces inflammation provoked by carrageenan. The data obtained points out that the observed physiological effects of U-556 may be due to its ability to block the functioning of the P2X7R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Kozlovskiy
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (E.M.); (E.C.); (G.L.); (I.A.); (Y.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Evgeny Pislyagin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (E.M.); (E.C.); (G.L.); (I.A.); (Y.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Ekaterina Menchinskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (E.M.); (E.C.); (G.L.); (I.A.); (Y.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Ekaterina Chingizova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (E.M.); (E.C.); (G.L.); (I.A.); (Y.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Leonid Kaluzhskiy
- V.N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.); (A.S.I.)
| | - Alexis S. Ivanov
- V.N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.); (A.S.I.)
| | - Galina Likhatskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (E.M.); (E.C.); (G.L.); (I.A.); (Y.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Irina Agafonova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (E.M.); (E.C.); (G.L.); (I.A.); (Y.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Yuri Sabutski
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (E.M.); (E.C.); (G.L.); (I.A.); (Y.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Sergey Polonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (E.M.); (E.C.); (G.L.); (I.A.); (Y.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Aminin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (E.M.); (E.C.); (G.L.); (I.A.); (Y.S.); (S.P.)
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Blest HTW, Chauveau L. cGAMP the travelling messenger. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1150705. [PMID: 37287967 PMCID: PMC10242147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1150705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
2'3'-cGAMP is a key molecule in the cGAS-STING pathway. This cyclic dinucleotide is produced by the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS in response to the presence of aberrant dsDNA in the cytoplasm which is associated with microbial invasion or cellular damage. 2'3'-cGAMP acts as a second messenger and activates STING, the central hub of DNA sensing, to induce type-I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines necessary for responses against infection, cancer or cellular stress. Classically, detection of pathogens or danger by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) was thought to signal and induce the production of interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the cell where sensing occurred. These interferon and cytokines then signal in both an autocrine and paracrine manner to induce responses in neighboring cells. Deviating from this dogma, recent studies have identified multiple mechanisms by which 2'3'-cGAMP can travel to neighboring cells where it activates STING independent of DNA sensing by cGAS. This observation is of great importance, as the cGAS-STING pathway is involved in immune responses against microbial invaders and cancer while its dysregulation drives the pathology of a wide range of inflammatory diseases to which antagonists have been elusive. In this review, we describe the fast-paced discoveries of the mechanisms by which 2'3'-cGAMP can be transported. We further highlight the diseases where they are important and detail how this change in perspective can be applied to vaccine design, cancer immunotherapies and treatment of cGAS-STING associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T. W. Blest
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lise Chauveau
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) - CNRS UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Pasqualetto G, Zuanon M, Brancale A, Young MT. Identification of a novel P2X7 antagonist using structure-based virtual screening. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1094607. [PMID: 36712671 PMCID: PMC9877316 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1094607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X4 and P2X7 receptors are ATP-gated ion channels, which play important roles in neuropathic and inflammatory pain, and as such they are important drug targets in diseases of inflammatory origin. While several compounds targeting P2X4 and P2X7 receptors have been developed using traditional high-throughput screening approaches, relatively few compounds have been developed using structure-based design. We initially set out to develop compounds targeting human P2X4, by performing virtual screening on the orthosteric (ATP-binding) pocket of a molecular model of human P2X4 based on the crystal structure of the Danio rerio receptor. The screening of a library of approximately 300,000 commercially available drug-like compounds led to the initial selection of 17 compounds; however, none of these compounds displayed a significant antagonist effect at P2X4 in a Fluo-4 ATP-induced calcium influx assay. When the same set of compounds was tested against human P2X7 in an ATP-stimulated Yo-Pro1 dye uptake assay, one compound (an indeno(1,2-b)pyridine derivative; GP-25) reduced the response by greater than 50% when applied at a concentration of 30 µM. GP-25 displayed an IC50 value of 8.7 μM at human P2X7 and 24.4 μM at rat P2X7, and was confirmed to be active using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology and not cytotoxic. Schild analysis suggested that mode of action of GP-25 was orthosteric. Screening of a further 16 commercially available analogues of GP-25 led to the discovery of five additional compounds with antagonist activity at human P2X7, enabling us to investigate the structure-activity relationship. Finally, docking of the R- and S-enantiomers of GP-25 into the orthosteric pocket of molecular models of human P2X4 and human P2X7 revealed that, while both enantiomers were able to make multiple interactions between their carboxyl moieties and conserved positively charged amino-acids in human P2X7, only the S-enantiomer of GP-25 was able to do this in human P2X4, potentially explaining the lack of activity of GP-25 at this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pasqualetto
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marika Zuanon
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Mark T. Young
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Mark T. Young,
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Extracellular binding sites of positive and negative allosteric P2X4 receptor modulators. Life Sci 2022; 311:121143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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