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Matamoros JA, Rubio-Casado S, Fernández-Albarral JA, Martínez-López MA, Salobrar-García E, Marco EM, Paleo-García V, de Hoz R, López-Cuenca I, Elvira-Hurtado L, Sánchez-Puebla L, Ramírez JM, Salazar JJ, López-Gallardo M, Ramírez AI. Neuroprotective Effect of the Combination of Citicoline and CoQ10 in a Mouse Model of Ocular Hypertension. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 14:4. [PMID: 39857338 PMCID: PMC11761561 DOI: 10.3390/antiox14010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2024] [Revised: 12/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), with intraocular pressure (IOP) being its primary risk factor. Despite controlling IOP, the neurodegenerative process often continues. Therefore, substances with neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties could protect against RGC death. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects on RGCs and visual pathway neurons of a compound consisting of citicoline and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in a mouse model of unilateral, laser-induced ocular hypertension (OHT). Four groups of mice were used: vehicle group (n = 6), citicoline + CoQ10 group (n = 6), laser-vehicle group (n = 6), and laser-citicoline + CoQ10 group (n = 6). The citicoline + CoQ10 was administered orally once a day starting 15 days before laser treatment, continuing until sacrifice (7 days post-laser). Retinas, the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), the superior colliculus (SC), and the visual cortex (V1) were analyzed. The citicoline + CoQ10 compound used in the laser-citicoline + CoQ10 group demonstrated (1) an ocular hypotensive effect only at 24 h post-laser; (2) prevention of Brn3a+ RGC death in OHT eyes; and (3) no changes in NeuN+ neurons in the dLGN. This study demonstrates that the oral administration of the citicoline + CoQ10 combination may exert a neuroprotective effect against RGC death in an established rodent model of OHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Matamoros
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.); (S.R.-C.); (J.A.F.-A.); (M.A.M.-L.); (E.S.-G.); (E.M.M.); (R.d.H.); (I.L.-C.); (L.E.-H.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Rubio-Casado
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.); (S.R.-C.); (J.A.F.-A.); (M.A.M.-L.); (E.S.-G.); (E.M.M.); (R.d.H.); (I.L.-C.); (L.E.-H.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ORL, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Fernández-Albarral
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.); (S.R.-C.); (J.A.F.-A.); (M.A.M.-L.); (E.S.-G.); (E.M.M.); (R.d.H.); (I.L.-C.); (L.E.-H.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Martínez-López
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.); (S.R.-C.); (J.A.F.-A.); (M.A.M.-L.); (E.S.-G.); (E.M.M.); (R.d.H.); (I.L.-C.); (L.E.-H.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ORL, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.); (S.R.-C.); (J.A.F.-A.); (M.A.M.-L.); (E.S.-G.); (E.M.M.); (R.d.H.); (I.L.-C.); (L.E.-H.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M. Marco
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.); (S.R.-C.); (J.A.F.-A.); (M.A.M.-L.); (E.S.-G.); (E.M.M.); (R.d.H.); (I.L.-C.); (L.E.-H.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Paleo-García
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.); (S.R.-C.); (J.A.F.-A.); (M.A.M.-L.); (E.S.-G.); (E.M.M.); (R.d.H.); (I.L.-C.); (L.E.-H.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.); (S.R.-C.); (J.A.F.-A.); (M.A.M.-L.); (E.S.-G.); (E.M.M.); (R.d.H.); (I.L.-C.); (L.E.-H.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.); (S.R.-C.); (J.A.F.-A.); (M.A.M.-L.); (E.S.-G.); (E.M.M.); (R.d.H.); (I.L.-C.); (L.E.-H.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.); (S.R.-C.); (J.A.F.-A.); (M.A.M.-L.); (E.S.-G.); (E.M.M.); (R.d.H.); (I.L.-C.); (L.E.-H.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ORL, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.); (S.R.-C.); (J.A.F.-A.); (M.A.M.-L.); (E.S.-G.); (E.M.M.); (R.d.H.); (I.L.-C.); (L.E.-H.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ORL, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.); (S.R.-C.); (J.A.F.-A.); (M.A.M.-L.); (E.S.-G.); (E.M.M.); (R.d.H.); (I.L.-C.); (L.E.-H.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Meritxell López-Gallardo
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.); (S.R.-C.); (J.A.F.-A.); (M.A.M.-L.); (E.S.-G.); (E.M.M.); (R.d.H.); (I.L.-C.); (L.E.-H.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.); (S.R.-C.); (J.A.F.-A.); (M.A.M.-L.); (E.S.-G.); (E.M.M.); (R.d.H.); (I.L.-C.); (L.E.-H.); (L.S.-P.); (J.M.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Tsai T, Reinehr S, Deppe L, Strubbe A, Kluge N, Dick HB, Joachim SC. Glaucoma Animal Models beyond Chronic IOP Increase. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:906. [PMID: 38255979 PMCID: PMC10815097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex and multifactorial disease defined as the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Besides an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), other mechanisms play a pivotal role in glaucoma onset and progression. For example, it is known that excitotoxicity, immunological alterations, ischemia, and oxidative stress contribute to the neurodegeneration in glaucoma disease. To study these effects and to discover novel therapeutic approaches, appropriate animal models are needed. In this review, we focus on various glaucoma animal models beyond an elevated IOP. We introduce genetically modified mice, e.g., the optineurin E50K knock-in or the glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST)-deficient mouse. Excitotoxicity can be mimicked by injecting the glutamate analogue N-methyl-D-aspartate intravitreally, which leads to rapid RGC degeneration. To explore the contribution of the immune system, the experimental autoimmune glaucoma model can serve as a useful tool. Here, immunization with antigens led to glaucoma-like damage. The ischemic mechanism can be mimicked by inducing a high IOP for a certain amount of time in rodents, followed by reperfusion. Thereby, damage to the retina and the optic nerve occurs rapidly after ischemia/reperfusion. Lastly, we discuss the importance of optic nerve crush models as model systems for normal-tension glaucoma. In summary, various glaucoma models beyond IOP increase can be utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephanie C. Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany; (T.T.); (S.R.); (L.D.); (N.K.); (H.B.D.)
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