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Bupi N, Sangaraju VK, Phan LT, Lal A, Vo TTB, Ho PT, Qureshi MA, Tabassum M, Lee S, Manavalan B. An Effective Integrated Machine Learning Framework for Identifying Severity of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus and Their Experimental Validation. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0016. [PMID: 36930763 PMCID: PMC10013792 DOI: 10.34133/research.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) dispersed across different countries, specifically to subtropical regions, associated with more severe symptoms. Since TYLCV was first isolated in 1931, it has been a menace to tomato industrial production worldwide over the past century. Three groups were newly isolated from TYLCV-resistant tomatoes in 2022; however, their functions are unknown. The development of machine learning (ML)-based models using characterized sequences and evaluating blind predictions is one of the major challenges in interdisciplinary research. The purpose of this study was to develop an integrated computational framework for the accurate identification of symptoms (mild or severe) based on TYLCV sequences (isolated in Korea). For the development of the framework, we first extracted 11 different feature encodings and hybrid features from the training data and then explored 8 different classifiers and developed their respective prediction models by using randomized 10-fold cross-validation. Subsequently, we carried out a systematic evaluation of these 96 developed models and selected the top 90 models, whose predicted class labels were combined and considered as reduced features. On the basis of these features, a multilayer perceptron was applied and developed the final prediction model (IML-TYLCVs). We conducted blind prediction on 3 groups using IML-TYLCVs, and the results indicated that 2 groups were severe and 1 group was mild. Furthermore, we confirmed the prediction with virus-challenging experiments of tomato plant phenotypes using infectious clones from 3 groups. Plant virologists and plant breeding professionals can access the user-friendly online IML-TYLCVs web server at https://balalab-skku.org/IML-TYLCVs, which can guide them in developing new protection strategies for newly emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattanong Bupi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinoth Kumar Sangaraju
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Le Thi Phan
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Aamir Lal
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy Thi Bich Vo
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Thi Ho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Amir Qureshi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Marjia Tabassum
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Balachandran Manavalan
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Yan Z, Wolters AMA, Navas-Castillo J, Bai Y. The Global Dimension of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Disease: Current Status and Breeding Perspectives. Microorganisms 2021; 9:740. [PMID: 33916319 PMCID: PMC8066563 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) caused by tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and a group of related begomoviruses is an important disease which in recent years has caused serious economic problems in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production worldwide. Spreading of the vectors, whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci complex, has been responsible for many TYLCD outbreaks. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of TYLCV and TYLV-like begomoviruses and the driving forces of the increasing global significance through rapid evolution of begomovirus variants, mixed infection in the field, association with betasatellites and host range expansion. Breeding for host plant resistance is considered as one of the most promising and sustainable methods in controlling TYLCD. Resistance to TYLCD was found in several wild relatives of tomato from which six TYLCV resistance genes (Ty-1 to Ty-6) have been identified. Currently, Ty-1 and Ty-3 are the primary resistance genes widely used in tomato breeding programs. Ty-2 is also exploited commercially either alone or in combination with other Ty-genes (i.e., Ty-1, Ty-3 or ty-5). Additionally, screening of a large collection of wild tomato species has resulted in the identification of novel TYLCD resistance sources. In this review, we focus on genetic resources used to date in breeding for TYLCVD resistance. For future breeding strategies, we discuss several leads in order to make full use of the naturally occurring and engineered resistance to mount a broad-spectrum and sustainable begomovirus resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yan
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands; (Z.Y.); (A.-M.A.W.)
| | - Anne-Marie A. Wolters
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands; (Z.Y.); (A.-M.A.W.)
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Universidad de Málaga (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), Avenida Dr. Weinberg s/n, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain;
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands; (Z.Y.); (A.-M.A.W.)
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Shen X, Yan Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Arens M, Du Y, Visser RGF, Kormelink R, Bai Y, Wolters AMA. The NLR Protein Encoded by the Resistance Gene Ty-2 Is Triggered by the Replication-Associated Protein Rep/C1 of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:545306. [PMID: 33013967 PMCID: PMC7511541 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.545306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly-transmitted tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most destructive viral pathogens of cultivated tomato. To combat TYLCV, resistance gene Ty-2 has been introduced into cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) from wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites by interspecific crossing. Introgression lines with Ty-2 contain a large inversion compared with S. lycopersicum, which causes severe suppression of recombination and has hampered the cloning of Ty-2 so far. Here, we report the fine-mapping and cloning of Ty-2 using crosses between a Ty-2 introgression line and several susceptible S. habrochaites accessions. Ty-2 was shown to encode a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein. For breeding purposes, a highly specific DNA marker tightly linked to the Ty-2 gene was developed permitting marker-assisted selection. The resistance mediated by Ty-2 was effective against the Israel strain of TYLCV (TYLCV-IL) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus-[China : Shanghai2] (TYLCV-[CN : SH2]), but not against tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) and leafhopper-transmitted beet curly top virus (BCTV). By co-infiltration experiments we showed that transient expression of the Rep/C1 protein of TYLCV, but not of TYLCSV triggered a hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana plants co-expressing the Ty-2 gene. Our results indicate that the Rep/C1 gene of TYLCV-IL presents the avirulence determinant of Ty-2-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexue Shen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Zhe Yan
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Institute of Vegetable and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinlei Wang
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China
| | - Marjon Arens
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yongchen Du
- Institute of Vegetable and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Islam W, Noman A, Naveed H, Alamri SA, Hashem M, Huang Z, Chen HYH. Plant-insect vector-virus interactions under environmental change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 701:135044. [PMID: 31726403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insects play an important role in the spread of viruses from infected plants to healthy hosts through a variety of transmission strategies. Environmental factors continuously influence virus transmission and result in the establishment of infection or disease. Plant virus diseases become epidemic when viruses successfully dominate the surrounding ecosystem. Plant-insect vector-virus interactions influence each other; pushing each other for their benefit and survival. These interactions are modulated through environmental factors, though environmental influences are not readily predictable. This review focuses on exploiting the diverse relationships, embedded in the plant-insect vector-virus triangle by highlighting recent research findings. We examined the interactions between viruses, insect vectors, and host plants, and explored how these interactions affect their behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China; Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Naveed
- College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, Sichuan 614004, China
| | - Saad A Alamri
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biological Science Department, P.O. Box 10255, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; Prince Sultan Ben Abdulaziz Center for Environmental and Tourism Research and Studies, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biological Science Department, P.O. Box 10255, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Botany Department, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Zhiqun Huang
- College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China; Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Han Y H Chen
- College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China; Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada.
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Marchant WG, Gautam S, Hutton SF, Srinivasan R. Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus-Resistant and -Susceptible Tomato Genotypes Similarly Impact the Virus Population Genetics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:599697. [PMID: 33365041 PMCID: PMC7750400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.599697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus is a species in the genus Begomovirus and family Geminiviridae. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) infection induces severe symptoms on tomato plants and causes serious yield losses worldwide. TYLCV is persistently transmitted by the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Cultivars and hybrids with a single or few genes conferring resistance against TYLCV are often planted to mitigate TYLCV-induced losses. These resistant genotypes (cultivars or hybrids) are not immune to TYLCV. They typically develop systemic infection, display mild symptoms, and produce more marketable tomatoes than susceptible genotypes under TYLCV pressure. In several pathosystems, extensive use of resistant cultivars with single dominant resistance-conferring gene has led to intense selection pressure on the virus, development of highly virulent strains, and resistance breakdown. This study assessed differences in TYLCV genomes isolated from susceptible and resistant genotypes in Florida and Georgia. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that Florida and Georgia isolates were distinct from each other. Population genetics analyses with genomes field-collected from resistant and susceptible genotypes from Florida and/or Georgia provided no evidence of a genetic structure between the resistant and susceptible genotypes. No codons in TYLCV genomes from TYLCV-resistant or susceptible genotypes were under positive selection, suggesting that highly virulent or resistance-breaking TYLCV strains might not be common in tomato farmscapes in Florida and Georgia. With TYLCV-resistant genotypes usage increasing recently and multiple tomato crops being planted during a calendar year, host resistance-induced selection pressure on the virus remains a critical issue. To address the same, a greenhouse selection experiment with one TYLCV-resistant and susceptible genotype was conducted. Each genotype was challenged with TYLCV through whitefly-mediated transmission serially 10 times (T1-T10). Population genetics parameters at the genome level were assessed at T1, T5, and T10. Results indicated that genomes from resistant and susceptible genotypes did not differentiate with increasing transmission number, no specific mutations were repeatedly observed, and no positive selection was detected. These results reiterate that resistance in tomato might not be exerting selection pressure against TYLCV to facilitate development of resistance-breaking strains. TYLCV populations rather seem to be shaped by purifying selection and/or population expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy G. Marchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Saurabh Gautam
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - Samuel F. Hutton
- Horticulture Sciences Department, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
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Fiallo-Olivé E, Trenado HP, Louro D, Navas-Castillo J. Recurrent speciation of a tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus in Portugal by recombination. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1332. [PMID: 30718735 PMCID: PMC6362282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37971-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent evolution can involve interspecific interactions, recognized to play a primary role in the diversification and organization of life. Both in the plant and animal kingdoms, the recurrent formation of allopolyploid species has been described. In the virosphere, recombination between isolates of different species has been shown to be a source of speciation. In this work, complete genome analysis showed that speciation through recombination of an emergent DNA plant virus, tomato yellow leaf curl Malaga virus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae), has occurred independently in Portugal and Spain, confirming previous observations with tomato yellow leaf curl Axarquia virus, also originated independently in Spain and Italy. These results will guide future research to discover new cases of recurrent emergence of recombinant virus species in geographical areas where the putative parents co-exist or can be introduced. This will reveal the role that recurrent speciation through recombination plays in the evolution of the virosphere and will help to understand the consequences of this phenomenon on the diversification of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Málaga (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), Avenida Dr. Wienberg s/n, 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Helena P Trenado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Málaga (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), Avenida Dr. Wienberg s/n, 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Diamantina Louro
- Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos (INRB), Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Málaga (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), Avenida Dr. Wienberg s/n, 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
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Esmaeili M, Heydarnejad J, Massumi H, Varsani A. Analysis of watermelon chlorotic stunt virus and tomato leaf curl Palampur virus mixed and pseudo-recombination infections. Virus Genes 2015; 51:408-16. [PMID: 26433951 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) and tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPMV) are limiting factors for cucurbit production in south and southeastern Iran. ToLCPMV infects all cucurbit crops (except watermelons) whereas WmCSV is somewhat limited to watermelon, causing detrimental effects on fruit production. In a survey, we detected WmCSV in all watermelon growing farms in Fars province (southern Iran). Given that WmCSV and ToLCPMV are present in the same geographical location in Iran, we studied the interaction of two viruses. Co-infection using agroinfectious clones of WmCSV and ToLCPMV caused severe symptoms in watermelon and zucchini in comparison to symptoms observed from individual infections. Interestingly, inoculation of zucchini with WmCSV DNA-A and ToLCPMV DNA-B agroinfectious clones or vice versa produced a viable pseudo-recombinant and induced systemic symptoms. This demonstrates that replication-associated protein of DNA-A of each virus is able to bind to cis elements of the DNA-B molecules of another virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Esmaeili
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jahangir Heydarnejad
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hossain Massumi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.,Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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Tomás DM, Cañizares MC, Abad J, Fernández-Muñoz R, Moriones E. Resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus accumulation in the tomato wild relative Solanum habrochaites associated with the C4 viral protein. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:849-61. [PMID: 21405986 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-10-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) is a severe threat to tomato crops worldwide and is caused by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and several other begomoviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae). Host plant resistance is the best TYLCD control method but limited sources of resistance are available. In this study, two Solanum habrochaites TYLCD-resistance sources, EELM-388 and EELM-889, were found after a wide germplasm screening and were further characterized. A consistent resistance to the widely distributed strain TYLCV-IL was observed when plants were inoculated by Bemisia tabaci or by agroinoculation using an infectious clone, with no symptoms or virus accumulation observed in inoculated plants. Moreover, the resistance was effective under field conditions with high TYLCD pressure. Two independent loci, one dominant and one recessive, were associated with EELM-889 resistance. The study shows these loci to be distinct from that of the resistance gene (Ty-1 gene) commonly deployed in commercial tomato cultivars. Therefore, both kinds of resistance could be combined to provide improved resistance to TYLCD. Four additional TYLCD-associated viruses were challenged, showing that the resistance always prevented symptom expression, although systemic infection could occur in some cases. By using chimeric and mutant expression constructs, the C4 protein was shown to be associated with the ability to result in effective systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Tomás
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Malaga, Spain
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Sufrin-Ringwald T, Lapidot M. Characterization of a synergistic interaction between two cucurbit-infecting begomoviruses: Squash leaf curl virus and Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 101:281-289. [PMID: 21219130 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-10-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) and Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) are cucurbit-infecting bipartite begomoviruses. Both viruses are found in the eastern Mediterranean basin but the effects of dual infection of both viruses on melon (Cucumis melo L.) have not been described. 'Arava' melon plants were inoculated in the greenhouse, using whiteflies, with either SLCV, WmCSV, or both. Control plants were exposed to nonviruliferous whiteflies or not exposed at all. Following inoculation, plants were transplanted to a 50-mesh insect-proof nethouse and grown until fruit maturity. The experiment was performed in two melon-growing seasons: spring, transplant in May and harvest in July; and summer, transplant in August and harvest in October. Following inoculation, SLCV-infected melon plants showed mild symptoms that disappeared with time, and there was no effect on plant height. WmCSV-infected plants developed disease symptoms that became more obvious with time, and plants were somewhat shorter than control plants in the spring but not in the summer. SLCV had no effect on yield, regardless of season. WmCSV had no statistically significant effect on yield in the spring but, in the summer, reduced yield by 22%, on average. Dual-inoculated plants showed a synergistic interaction between the two viruses. They developed disease symptoms that were more pronounced than WmCSV alone, with plants being shorter than control plants by 20 to 25% regardless of season. Moreover, the yield of dual-inoculated plants was reduced on average by 21% in the spring and 54% in the summer, and fruit appearance was adversely affected. Dual inoculation did not affect WmCSV DNA level but SLCV DNA level was increased several-fold by the presence of WmCSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Sufrin-Ringwald
- Department of Vegetable Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Díaz-Pendón JA, Cañizares MC, Moriones E, Bejarano ER, Czosnek H, Navas-Castillo J. Tomato yellow leaf curl viruses: ménage à trois between the virus complex, the plant and the whitefly vector. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:441-50. [PMID: 20618703 PMCID: PMC6640490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) is one of the most devastating viral diseases affecting tomato crops in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. Here, we focus on the interactions through recombination between the different begomovirus species causing TYLCD, provide an overview of the interactions with the cellular genes involved in viral replication, and highlight recent progress on the relationships between these viruses and their vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. TAXONOMY The tomato yellow leaf curl virus-like viruses (TYLCVs) are a complex of begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) including 10 accepted species: Tomato yellow leaf curl Axarquia virus (TYLCAxV), Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Guangdong virus (TYLCGuV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (TYLCIDV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLVKaV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Malaga virus (TYLCMalV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus (TYLCMLV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Vietnam virus (TYLCVNV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV). We follow the species demarcation criteria of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the most important of which is an 89% nucleotide identity threshold between full-length DNA-A component nucleotide sequences for begomovirus species. Strains of a species are defined by a 93% nucleotide identity threshold. HOST RANGE The primary host of TYLCVs is tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), but they can also naturally infect other crops [common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), chilli pepper (C. chinense) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)], a number of ornamentals [petunia (Petuniaxhybrida) and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflora)], as well as common weeds (Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium). TYLCVs also infect the experimental host Nicotiana benthamiana. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Infected tomato plants are stunted or dwarfed, with leaflets rolled upwards and inwards; young leaves are slightly chlorotic; in recently infected plants, fruits might not be produced or, if produced, are small and unmarketable. In common bean, some TYLCVs produce the bean leaf crumple disease, with thickening, epinasty, crumpling, blade reduction and upward curling of leaves, as well as abnormal shoot proliferation and internode reduction; the very small leaves result in a bushy appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Díaz-Pendón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental 'La Mayora', 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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Chen LF, Rojas M, Kon T, Gamby K, Xoconostle-Cazares B, Gilbertson RL. A severe symptom phenotype in tomato in Mali is caused by a reassortant between a novel recombinant begomovirus (Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus) and a betasatellite. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2009; 10:415-30. [PMID: 19400843 PMCID: PMC6640326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tomato production in West Africa has been severely affected by begomovirus diseases, including yellow leaf curl and a severe symptom phenotype, characterized by extremely stunted and distorted growth and small deformed leaves. Here, a novel recombinant begomovirus from Mali, Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus (TYLCMLV), is described that, alone, causes tomato yellow leaf curl disease or, in combination with a betasatellite, causes the severe symptom phenotype. TYLCMLV is an Old World monopartite begomovirus with a hybrid genome composed of sequences from Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-Mild (TYLCV-Mld) and Hollyhock leaf crumple virus (HoLCrV). A TYLCMLV infectious clone induced leaf curl and yellowing in tomato, leaf curl, crumpling and yellowing in Nicotiana benthamiana and common bean, mild symptoms in N. glutinosa, and a symptomless infection in Datura stramonium. In a field-collected sample from a tomato plant showing the severe symptom phenotype in Mali, TYLCMLV was detected together with a betasatellite, identified as Cotton leaf curl Gezira betasatellite (CLCuGB). Tomato plants co-agroinoculated with TYLCMLV and CLCuGB developed severely stunted and distorted growth and small crumpled leaves. These symptoms were more severe than those induced by TYLCMLV alone, and were similar to the severe symptom phenotype observed in the field in Mali and in other West African countries. TYLCMLV and CLCuGB also induced more severe symptoms than TYLCMLV in the other solanaceous hosts, but not in common bean. The increased symptom severity was associated with hyperplasia of phloem-associated cells, but relatively little increase in TYLCMLV DNA levels. In surveys of tomato virus diseases in West Africa, TYLCMLV was commonly detected in plants with leaf curl and yellow leaf curl symptoms, whereas CLCuGB was infrequently detected and always in association with the severe symptom phenotype. Together, these results indicate that TYLCMLV causes tomato yellow leaf curl disease throughout West Africa, whereas TYLCMLV and CLCuGB represent a reassortant that causes the severe symptom phenotype in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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