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Yu LJ, Suga M, Wang-Otomo ZY, Shen JR. Novel features of LH1-RC from Thermochromatium tepidum revealed from its atomic resolution structure. FEBS J 2018; 285:4359-4366. [PMID: 30328658 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Light-harvesting-1 (LH1)-reaction center (RC) super-complex is a membrane protein-pigment complex existing in purple photosynthetic bacteria, where LH1 absorbs light energy and transfers them rapidly and efficiently to RC to initiate the charge separation and electron transfer reactions. The structure of LH1-RC has been reported at relatively low resolutions from several different species of bacteria previously, but was solved at an atomic resolution recently from a thermophilic photosynthetic bacterium Thermochromatium tepidum. This high-resolution structure revealed the detailed organization of the super-complex including a number of unique features that are important for its functioning, such as a more intact RC structure, transporting routes for quinones to replace the bound QB as well as for the in-and-out of the closed LH1 ring, detailed coordinating environment of the Ca2+ ions in LH1 important for the remarkable red shift of the absorption spectrum, as well as for the enhanced thermostability. These results thus greatly advance our understanding on the mechanisms of energy transfer, quinone exchange, the red shift in the LH1-Qy transition and the enhanced thermal stability, in this super-complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Jiang Yu
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
| | - Michihiro Suga
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
| | | | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
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2
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Hood D, Sahin T, Parkes‐Loach PS, Jiao J, Harris MA, Dilbeck P, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Loach PA, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Expanding Covalent Attachment Sites of Nonnative Chromophores to Encompass the C‐Terminal Hydrophilic Domain in Biohybrid Light‐Harvesting Architectures. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Don Hood
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130-4889 USA
| | - Tuba Sahin
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | | | - Jieying Jiao
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521-0403 USA
| | - Michelle A. Harris
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130-4889 USA
| | - Preston Dilbeck
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130-4889 USA
| | | | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130-4889 USA
| | - Paul A. Loach
- Department of Molecular Biosciences Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208-3500 USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521-0403 USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130-4889 USA
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3
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Augmenting light coverage for photosynthesis through YFP-enhanced charge separation at the Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centre. Nat Commun 2017; 8:13972. [PMID: 28054547 PMCID: PMC5512671 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis uses a limited range of the solar spectrum, so enhancing spectral coverage could improve the efficiency of light capture. Here, we show that a hybrid reaction centre (RC)/yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) complex accelerates photosynthetic growth in the bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. The structure of the RC/YFP-light-harvesting 1 (LH1) complex shows the position of YFP attachment to the RC-H subunit, on the cytoplasmic side of the RC complex. Fluorescence lifetime microscopy of whole cells and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy of purified RC/YFP complexes show that the YFP–RC intermolecular distance and spectral overlap between the emission of YFP and the visible-region (QX) absorption bands of the RC allow energy transfer via a Förster mechanism, with an efficiency of 40±10%. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates the feasibility of increasing spectral coverage for harvesting light using non-native genetically-encoded light-absorbers, thereby augmenting energy transfer and trapping in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses only a limited range of solar radiation. Here, Grayson et al. genetically incorporated the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) chromophore into a bacterial photosystem, and show that energy harvested by reaction centre–YFP complexes can augment photosynthesis in vivo.
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4
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Sener M, Strumpfer J, Singharoy A, Hunter CN, Schulten K. Overall energy conversion efficiency of a photosynthetic vesicle. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27564854 PMCID: PMC5001839 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatophore of purple bacteria is an intracellular spherical vesicle that exists in numerous copies in the cell and that efficiently converts sunlight into ATP synthesis, operating typically under low light conditions. Building on an atomic-level structural model of a low-light-adapted chromatophore vesicle from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, we investigate the cooperation between more than a hundred protein complexes in the vesicle. The steady-state ATP production rate as a function of incident light intensity is determined after identifying quinol turnover at the cytochrome bc1 complex (cytbc1) as rate limiting and assuming that the quinone/quinol pool of about 900 molecules acts in a quasi-stationary state. For an illumination condition equivalent to 1% of full sunlight, the vesicle exhibits an ATP production rate of 82 ATP molecules/s. The energy conversion efficiency of ATP synthesis at illuminations corresponding to 1%–5% of full sunlight is calculated to be 0.12–0.04, respectively. The vesicle stoichiometry, evolutionarily adapted to the low light intensities in the habitat of purple bacteria, is suboptimal for steady-state ATP turnover for the benefit of protection against over-illumination. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09541.001 Photosynthesis, or the conversion of light energy into chemical energy, is a process that powers almost all life on Earth. Plants and certain bacteria share similar processes to perform photosynthesis, though the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides uses a photosynthetic system that is much less complex than that in plants. Light harvesting inside the bacterium takes place in up to hundreds of compartments called chromatophores. Each chromatophore in turn contains hundreds of cooperating proteins that together absorb the energy of sunlight and convert and store it in molecules of ATP, the universal energy currency of all cells. The chromatophore of primitive purple bacteria provides a model for more complex photosynthetic systems in plants. Though researchers had characterized its individual components over the years, less was known about the overall architecture of the chromatophore and how its many components work together to harvest light energy efficiently and robustly. This knowledge would provide insight into the evolutionary pressures that shaped the chromatophore and its ability to work efficiently at different light intensities. Sener et al. now present a highly detailed structural model of the chromatophore of purple bacteria based on the findings of earlier studies. The model features the position of every atom of the constituent proteins and is used to examine how energy is transferred and converted. Sener et al. describe the sequence of energy conversion steps and calculate the overall energy conversion efficiency, namely how much of the light energy arriving at the microorganism is stored as ATP. These calculations show that the chromatophore is optimized to produce chemical energy at low light levels typical of purple bacterial habitats, and dissipate excess energy to avoid being damaged under brighter light. The chromatophore’s architecture also displays robustness against perturbations of its components. In the future, the approach used by Sener et al. to describe light harvesting in this bacterial compartment can be applied to more complex systems, such as those in plants. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09541.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Melih Sener
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Johan Strumpfer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States.,Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Abhishek Singharoy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - C Neil Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Schulten
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States.,Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
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5
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Asztalos E, Sipka G, Maróti P. Fluorescence relaxation in intact cells of photosynthetic bacteria: donor and acceptor side limitations of reopening of the reaction center. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 124:31-44. [PMID: 25527461 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dark relaxation of the yield of variable BChl fluorescence in the 10(-5)-10 s time range is measured after laser diode (808 nm) excitation of variable duration in intact cells of photosynthetic bacteria Rba. sphaeroides, Rsp. rubrum, and Rvx. gelatinosus under various treatments of redox agents, inhibitors, and temperature. The kinetics of the relaxation is complex and much wider extended than a monoexponential function. The longer is the excitation, the slower is the relaxation which is determined by the redox states, sizes, and accessibility of the pools of cytochrome [Formula: see text] and quinone for donor and acceptor side-limited bacterial strains, respectively. The kinetics of fluorescence decay reflects the opening kinetics of the closed RC. The relaxation is controlled preferentially by the rate of re-reduction of the oxidized dimer by mobile cytochrome [Formula: see text] in Rba. sphaeroides and Rsp. rubrum and by the rate constant of the [Formula: see text] interquinone electron transfer, (350 μs)(-1) and/or the quinol/quinone exchange at the acceptor side in Rvx. gelatinosus. The commonly used acceptor side inhibitors (e.g., terbutryn) demonstrate kinetically limited block of re-oxidation of the primary quinone. The observations are interpreted in frame of a minimum kinetic and energetic model of electron transfer reactions in bacterial RC of intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Asztalos
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, 6720, Hungary
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6
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Kis M, Asztalos E, Sipka G, Maróti P. Assembly of photosynthetic apparatus in Rhodobacter sphaeroides as revealed by functional assessments at different growth phases and in synchronized and greening cells. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 122:261-273. [PMID: 25022916 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of photosynthetic membranes of intact cells of Rhodobacter sphaeroides was tracked by light-induced absorption spectroscopy and induction and relaxation of the bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence. Changes in membrane structure were induced by three methods: synchronization of cell growth, adjustment of different growth phases and transfer from aerobic to anaerobic conditions (greening) of the bacteria. While the production of the bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments and the activation of light harvesting and reaction center complexes showed cell-cycle independent and continuous increase with characteristic lag phases, the accumulation of phospholipids and membrane potential (electrochromism) exhibited stepwise increase controlled by cell division. Cells in the stationary phase of growth demonstrated closer packing and tighter energetic coupling of the photosynthetic units (PSU) than in their early logarithmic stage. The greening resulted in rapid (within 0-4 h) induction of BChl synthesis accompanied with a dominating role for the peripheral light harvesting system (up to LH2/LH1 ~2.5), significantly increased rate (~7·10(4) s(-1)) and yield (F v/F max ~0.7) of photochemistry and modest (~2.5-fold) decrease of the rate of electron transfer (~1.5·10(4) s(-1)). The results are discussed in frame of a model of sequential assembly of the PSU with emphasis on crowding the LH2 complexes resulting in an increase of the connectivity and yield of light capture on the one hand and increase of hindrance to diffusion of mobile redox agents on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kis
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
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7
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Harris MA, Sahin T, Jiang J, Vairaprakash P, Parkes-Loach PS, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Loach PA, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Enhanced Light-Harvesting Capacity by Micellar Assembly of Free Accessory Chromophores and LH1-like Antennas. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1264-76. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuba Sahin
- Department of Chemistry; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul A. Loach
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; Northwestern University; Evanston IL
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Riverside CA
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry; Washington University; St. Louis MO
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8
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Harris MA, Jiang J, Niedzwiedzki DM, Jiao J, Taniguchi M, Kirmaier C, Loach PA, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D, Parkes-Loach PS. Versatile design of biohybrid light-harvesting architectures to tune location, density, and spectral coverage of attached synthetic chromophores for enhanced energy capture. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 121:35-48. [PMID: 24604033 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-9993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biohybrid antennas built upon chromophore-polypeptide conjugates show promise for the design of efficient light-capturing modules for specific purposes. Three new designs, each of which employs analogs of the β-polypeptide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, have been investigated. In the first design, amino acids at seven different positions on the polypeptide were individually substituted with cysteine, to which a synthetic chromophore (bacteriochlorin or Oregon Green) was covalently attached. The polypeptide positions are at -2, -6, -10, -14, -17, -21, and -34 relative to the 0-position of the histidine that coordinates bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a). All chromophore-polypeptides readily formed LH1-type complexes upon combination with the α-polypeptide and BChl a. Efficient energy transfer occurs from the attached chromophore to the circular array of 875 nm absorbing BChl a molecules (denoted B875). In the second design, use of two attachment sites (positions -10 and -21) on the polypeptide affords (1) double the density of chromophores per polypeptide and (2) a highly efficient energy-transfer relay from the chromophore at -21 to that at -10 and on to B875. In the third design, three spectrally distinct bacteriochlorin-polypeptides were prepared (each attached to cysteine at the -14 position) and combined in an ~1:1:1 mixture to form a heterogeneous mixture of LH1-type complexes with increased solar coverage and nearly quantitative energy transfer from each bacteriochlorin to B875. Collectively, the results illustrate the great latitude of the biohybrid approach for the design of diverse light-harvesting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4889, USA
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9
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Yeh SH, Zhu J, Kais S. Population and coherence dynamics in light harvesting complex II (LH2). J Chem Phys 2013; 137:084110. [PMID: 22938221 DOI: 10.1063/1.4747622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic excitation population and coherence dynamics in the chromophores of the photosynthetic light harvesting complex 2 (LH2) B850 ring from purple bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas acidophila) have been studied theoretically at both physiological and cryogenic temperatures. Similar to the well-studied Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) protein, oscillations of the excitation population and coherence in the site basis are observed in LH2 by using a scaled hierarchical equation of motion approach. However, this oscillation time (300 fs) is much shorter compared to the FMO protein (650 fs) at cryogenic temperature. Both environment and high temperature are found to enhance the propagation speed of the exciton wave packet yet they shorten the coherence time and suppress the oscillation amplitude of coherence and the population. Our calculations show that a long-lived coherence between chromophore electronic excited states can exist in such a noisy biological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hao Yeh
- Department of Chemistry and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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10
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Şener M, Strümpfer J, Hsin J, Chandler D, Scheuring S, Hunter CN, Schulten K. Förster energy transfer theory as reflected in the structures of photosynthetic light-harvesting systems. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:518-31. [PMID: 21344591 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Förster’s theory of resonant energy transfer underlies a fundamental process in nature, namely the harvesting of sunlight by photosynthetic life forms. The theoretical framework developed by Förster and others describes how electronic excitation migrates in the photosynthetic apparatus of plants, algae, and bacteria from light absorbing pigments to reaction centers where light energy is utilized for the eventual conversion into chemical energy. The demand for highest possible efficiency of light harvesting appears to have shaped the evolution of photosynthetic species from bacteria to plants which, despite a great variation in architecture, display common structural themes founded on the quantum physics of energy transfer as described first by Förster. Herein, Förster’s theory of excitation transfer is summarized, including recent extensions, and the relevance of the theory to photosynthetic systems as evolved in purple bacteria, cyanobacteria, and plants is demonstrated. Förster’s energy transfer formula, as used widely today in many fields of science, is also derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melih Şener
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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11
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Hsin J, Strümpfer J, Sener M, Qian P, Hunter CN, Schulten K. Energy Transfer Dynamics in an RC-LH1-PufX Tubular Photosynthetic Membrane. NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 2010; 12:085005. [PMID: 21152381 PMCID: PMC2997751 DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/12/8/085005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Light absorption and the subsequent transfer of excitation energy are the first two steps of the photosynthetic process, carried out by protein-bound pigments, mainly bacteriochlorophylls (BChls), in photosynthetic bacteria. BChls are anchored in light-harvesting (LH) complexes, such as light-harvesting complex I (LH1), which directly associates with the reaction center (RC), forming the RC-LH1 core complex. In Rhodobacter sphaeroides, RC-LH1 core complexes contain an additional protein, PufX, and assemble into dimeric RC-LH1-PufX core complexes. In the absence of light-harvesting complexes II, the former complexes can aggregate into a helically ordered tubular photosynthetic membrane. We examined the excitation transfer dynamics in a single RC-LH1-PufX core complex dimer using the hierarchical equations of motion for dissipative quantum dynamics that accurately, yet computationally costly, treat the coupling between BChls and their protein environment. A widely employed description, generalized Förster theory, was also used to calculate the transfer rates of the same excitonic system in order to verify the accuracy of this computationally cheap method. Additionally, in light of the structural uncertainties in the Rhodobacter sphaeroides RC-LH1-PufX core complex, geometrical alterations were introduced in the BChl organization. It is shown that the energy transfer dynamics is not affected by the considered changes in the BChl organization, and that generalized Förster theory provides accurate transfer rates. An all-atom model for a tubular photosynthetic membrane is then constructed on the basis of electron microscopy data, and the overall energy transfer properties of this membrane are computed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Hsin
- Department of Physics and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Johan Strümpfer
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Melih Sener
- Department of Physics and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Pu Qian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - C. Neil Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Klaus Schulten
- Department of Physics and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
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12
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Strümpfer J, Schulten K. Light harvesting complex II B850 excitation dynamics. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:225101. [PMID: 20001083 PMCID: PMC2802260 DOI: 10.1063/1.3271348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of excitation energy transfer within the B850 ring of light harvesting complex 2 from Rhodobacter sphaeroides and between neighboring B850 rings is investigated by means of dissipative quantum mechanics. The assumption of Boltzmann populated donor states for the calculation of intercomplex excitation transfer rates by generalized Forster theory is shown to give accurate results since intracomplex exciton relaxation to near-Boltzmann population exciton states occurs within a few picoseconds. The primary channels of exciton transfer between B850 rings are found to be the five lowest-lying exciton states, with non-850 nm exciton states making significant contributions to the total transfer rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Strümpfer
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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13
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Sturgis JN, Tucker JD, Olsen JD, Hunter CN, Niederman RA. Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of Native Photosynthetic Membranes. Biochemistry 2009; 48:3679-98. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900045x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James N. Sturgis
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, UPR 9027, Aix Marseille Université, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseilles, France, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K., and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082
| | - Jaimey D. Tucker
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, UPR 9027, Aix Marseille Université, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseilles, France, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K., and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082
| | - John D. Olsen
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, UPR 9027, Aix Marseille Université, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseilles, France, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K., and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082
| | - C. Neil Hunter
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, UPR 9027, Aix Marseille Université, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseilles, France, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K., and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082
| | - Robert A. Niederman
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, UPR 9027, Aix Marseille Université, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseilles, France, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K., and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082
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