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Neurologic and Histologic Tests Used to Measure Neuroprotective Effectiveness of Virus-Derived Immune-Modulating Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33108666 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1012-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Severe inflammatory disease initiated by neurotrauma and stroke is of primary concern in these intractable pathologies as noted in recent studies and understanding of the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI) in the rat model. Successful anti-inflammatory treatments should result in neuroprotection and limit the loss of neurological function to injury caused by the initial damage. Continuous subdural infusion offers direct access to the cavity of injury (COI) that forms after balloon crush SCI deep in the spinal cord. Some anti-inflammatory compounds are not likely capable of crossing the blood-spinal cord barrier. Subdural infusion of myxoma virus-derived Serp-1, an anti-thrombotic/anti-thrombolytic, and also of M-T7, a chemokine inhibitor, improved the locomotor scores and pain sensation scores as well as reduced the numbers of macrophages in the COI by 50 and 80%, respectively, while intraperitoneal infusion of either protein had little effect. Injection of a chitosan hydrogel loaded with Serp-1 into the dorsal spinal column crush also resulted in improved neurological deficits and in reduction of the size of the crush lesion 4 weeks after injury. While neurological scores in a simplified hind-end (HE) locomotor test together with a toe-pinch withdrawal test demonstrated improvement in all balloon crush injury and dorsal spinal crush injury rats, a severe inflammation is induced by the injury indicating additional damage to the spinal cord. Thus neurological function testing can be contradictory, rather than corresponding, to the pathogenesis of SCI. The count of macrophages in the COI offers a precise, reliable method of measuring the effectiveness of a neuroprotective treatment of SCI in preclinical studies.
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Kwiecien JM, Dabrowski W, Kwiecien-Delaney BJ, Kwiecien-Delaney CJ, Siwicka-Gieroba D, Yaron JR, Zhang L, Delaney KH, Lucas AR. Neuroprotective Effect of Subdural Infusion of Serp-1 in Spinal Cord Trauma. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E372. [PMID: 32977430 PMCID: PMC7598159 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates a severe, destructive inflammation with pro-inflammatory, CD68+/CD163-, phagocytic macrophages infiltrating the area of necrosis and hemorrhage by day 3 and persisting for the next 16 weeks. Inhibition of macrophage infiltration of the site of necrosis that is converted into a cavity of injury (COI) during the first week post-SCI, should limit inflammatory damage, shorten its duration and result in neuroprotection. By sustained subdural infusion we administered Serp-1, a Myxoma virus-derived immunomodulatory protein previously shown to improve neurologic deficits and inhibit macrophage infiltration in the COI in rats with the balloon crush SCI. Firstly, in a 7 day long study, we determined that the optimal dose for macrophage inhibition was 0.2 mg/week. Then, we demonstrated that a continuous subdural infusion of Serp-1 for 8 weeks resulted in consistently accelerated lowering of pro-inflammatory macrophages in the COI and in their almost complete elimination similar to that previously observed at 16 weeks in untreated SCI rats. The macrophage count in the COI is a quantitative test directly related to the severity of destructive inflammation initiated by the SCI. This test has consistently demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect of Serp-1 interpreted as neuroprotection, the first and necessary step in a therapeutic strategy in neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (W.D.); (D.S.-G.)
| | | | | | - Dorota Siwicka-Gieroba
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (W.D.); (D.S.-G.)
| | - Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (A.R.L.)
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (A.R.L.)
| | - Kathleen H. Delaney
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (A.R.L.)
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Yu Y, Huang Y, Ni S, Zhou L, Liu J, Zhang J, Zhang X, Hu Y, Huang X, Qin Q. Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) TNFR homolog VP51 functions as a virulence factor via modulating host inflammation response. Virology 2017; 511:280-289. [PMID: 28689858 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Virus encoded tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) homologues are usually involved in immune evasion by regulating host immune response or cell death. Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is a novel ranavirus which causes great economic losses in aquaculture industry. Previous studies demonstrated that SGIV VP51, a TNFR-like protein regulated apoptotic process in VP51 overexpression cells. Here, we developed a VP51-deleted recombinant virus Δ51-SGIV by replacing VP51 with puroR-GFP. Deletion of VP51 resulted in the decrease of SGIV virulence, evidenced by the reduced replication in vitro and the decreased cumulative mortalities in Δ51-SGIV challenged grouper compared to WT-SGIV. Moreover, VP51 deletion significantly increased virus induced apoptosis, and reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. In addition, the expression of several pro-inflammatory genes were decreased in Δ51-SGIV infected grouper compared to WT-SGIV. Thus, we speculate that SGIV VP51 functions as a critical virulence factor via regulating host cell apoptosis and inflammation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yepin Yu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Songwei Ni
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingcheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China.
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Lee JC, Menacherry S, Diehl MC, Giffear MD, White CJ, Juba R, Bagarazzi ML, Muthumani K, Boyer J, Agarwal V, Nicoletti F, Bart S, Kim JJ, Weiner DB, Sardesai NY. Safety, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics of VGX-1027-A novel oral anti-inflammatory drug in healthy human subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2015; 5:91-101. [PMID: 27138022 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
VGX-1027, a novel oral immune modulator, is under development for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single (1-800 mg) and multiple (40-400 mg) oral doses were evaluated in 2 clinical studies. The doses were well tolerated up to 800 mg in a single dose and 200 mg twice daily in multiple doses. Adverse events were mild to moderate in severity with no identifiable dose-related pattern. There were no clinically significant physical or laboratory findings. The pharmacokinetic data indicated that increases in Cmax and AUC0-inf were dose-proportional, and AUC0- τ was approximately dose-proportional. For the single-dose study, median Tmax ranged from 0.5 to 2 hours and mean t1/2 ranged from 4.9 to 8.7 hours. For the multiple-dose study, median Tmax ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 hours and mean t1/2 ranged from 7.05 to 10.05 hours. No accumulation of the drug was observed after day 1, indicating that steady-state concentrations were attained with single and multiple dosing for 5 days. Approximately 90% of the administered dose was excreted in urine as unchanged drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Lee
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Stanley Menacherry
- University of New Haven, Tagliatela School of Engineering, West Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - C Jo White
- C. Jo White Consulting, Lower Gwynedd, PA, USA
| | - Rob Juba
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | | | - Karuppiah Muthumani
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean Boyer
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vipin Agarwal
- NorthEast Bioanalytical Laboratories LLC, Hamden, CT, USA
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, the University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - J Joseph Kim
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - David B Weiner
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zemljic M, Pejkovic B, Krajnc I, Lipovsek S. Biological pathways involved in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2014; 126:626-33. [PMID: 25256178 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-014-0592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis are three distinct functional types of the mammalian cell death network. All of them are characterized by a number of cell's morphological changes. The inappropriate induction of cell death is involved in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases.Pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease) includes an abnormal immunological response to disturbed intestinal microflora. One of the most important reason in pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disease and subsequent multiple organ pathology is a barrier function of the gut, regulating cellular viability. Recent findings have begun to explain the mechanisms by which intestinal epithelial cells are able to survive in such an environment and how loss of normal regulatory processes may lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).This review focuses on the regulation of biological pathways in development and homeostasis in IBD. Better understanding of the physiological functions of biological pathways and their influence on inflammation, immunity, and barrier function will simplify our expertice of homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract and in upgrading diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Zemljic
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia,
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Yuan CH, Filippova M, Duerksen-Hughes P. Modulation of apoptotic pathways by human papillomaviruses (HPV): mechanisms and implications for therapy. Viruses 2012; 4:3831-50. [PMID: 23250450 PMCID: PMC3528293 DOI: 10.3390/v4123831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the host to trigger apoptosis in infected cells is perhaps the most powerful tool by which viruses can be cleared from the host organism. To avoid elimination by this mechanism, human papillomaviruses (HPV) have developed several mechanisms that enable the cells they infect to elude both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. In this manuscript, we review the current literature regarding how HPV-infected cells avoid apoptosis and the molecular mechanisms involved in these events. In particular, we will discuss the modifications in intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways caused by proteins encoded by HPV early genes. Many of the current efforts regarding anti-cancer drug development are focused on directing tumor cells to undergo apoptosis. However, the ability of HPV-infected cells to resist apoptotic signals renders such therapies ineffective. Possible mechanisms for overcoming the resistance of HPV-infected tumor cells to anticancer drugs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsiang Yuan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Suramin ameliorates collagen induced arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 12:288-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Gaffen SL. Life before seventeen: cloning of the IL-17 receptor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:4389-91. [PMID: 22013204 PMCID: PMC4824884 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Mukai Y, Nakamura T, Yoshikawa M, Yoshioka Y, Tsunoda SI, Nakagawa S, Yamagata Y, Tsutsumi Y. Solution of the structure of the TNF-TNFR2 complex. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra83. [PMID: 21081755 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an inflammatory cytokine that has important roles in various immune responses, which are mediated through its two receptors, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2. Antibody-based therapy against TNF is used clinically to treat several chronic autoimmune diseases; however, such treatment sometimes results in serious side effects, which are thought to be caused by the blocking of signals from both TNFRs. Therefore, knowledge of the structural basis for the recognition of TNF by each receptor would be invaluable in designing TNFR-selective drugs. Here, we solved the 3.0 angstrom resolution structure of the TNF-TNFR2 complex, which provided insight into the molecular recognition of TNF by TNFR2. Comparison to the known TNFR1 structure highlighted several differences between the ligand-binding interfaces of the two receptors. Additionally, we also demonstrated that TNF-TNFR2 formed aggregates on the surface of cells, which may be required for signal initiation. These results may contribute to the design of therapeutics for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Mukai
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan.
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The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor modulates the expression of Salmonella typhimurium effector proteins. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2010; 7:42. [PMID: 20704730 PMCID: PMC2925363 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)is a host inflammatory factor. Bacteria increase TNF-alpha expression in a variety of human diseases including infectious diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, and cancer. It is unknown, however, how TNF-alpha directly modulates bacterial protein expression during intestinal infection and chronic inflammation. In the current study, we hypothesize that Salmonella typhimurium senses TNF-alpha and show that TNF-alpha treatment modulates Salmonella virulent proteins (called effectors), thus changing the host-bacterial interaction in intestinal epithelial cells. We investigated the expression of 23 Salmonella effectors after TNF-alpha exposure. We found that TNF-alpha treatment led to differential effector expression: effector SipA was increased by TNF-alpha treatment, whereas the expression levels of other effectors, including gogB and spvB, decreased in the presence of TNF-alpha. We verified the protein expression of Salmonella effectors AvrA and SipA by Western blots. Furthermore, we used intestinal epithelial cells as our experimental model to explore the response of human intestinal cells to TNF-alpha pretreated Salmonella. More bacterial invasion was found in host cells colonized with Salmonella strains pretreated with TNF-alpha compared to Salmonella without TNF-alpha treatment. TNF-alpha pretreated Salmonella induced higher proinflammatory JNK signalling responses compared to the Salmonella strains without TNF-alpha exposure. Exposure to TNF-alpha made Salmonella to induce more inflammatory cytokine IL-8 in intestinal epithelial cells. JNK inhibitor treatment was able to suppress the effects of TNF-pretreated-Salmonella in enhancing expressions of phosphorylated-JNK and c-jun and secretion of IL-8. Overall, our study provides new insights into Salmonella-host interactions in intestinal inflammation.
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