Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Medullary thyroid cancer: epidemiological pattern and factors contributing to recurrence and metastasis

INTRODUCTION

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine thyroid carcinoma with parafollicular C cell differentiation. It can occur in either sporadic or hereditary form. Surgery is still the only curative treatment. The efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is poor.

METHODS

This was a retrospective study of 31 patients treated surgically for MTC in our oncology centre at Mansoura University between January 2008 and February 2019.

RESULTS

The mean age at diagnosis was 39.9 years. The median pathological size was 4cm. Multifocal disease was found in 12 patients and extrathyroid extension in 3 cases. Twenty patients were pathologically node positive. The median number of positive lymph nodes was four. Seven cases were metastatic at diagnosis. Local recurrence occurred in six individuals while distant recurrence occurred only in one. The median time from surgery to local recurrence was 12 months. The estimated mean disease free survival was 56.5 months. Disease free survival was significantly related to age, metastasis and side of nodal spread.

CONCLUSIONS

In our study cohort, the disease occurred predominantly in women and younger patients. Age, distant metastasis and nodal spread were the most significant prognostic factors. This study has also demonstrated that prognosis is not only affected by nodal involvement but also by side of involvement. The role of hemithyroidectomy in node negative unifocal disease with a small tumour size warrants further investigation.

Current update on medullary thyroid carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

This article will review the multimodality imaging spectrum of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) with an emphasis on anatomic and functional imaging. Recent advances in the molecular cytogenetics of this tumor and the impact on diagnosis, prognosis, and development of novel targeted therapy will be discussed.

CONCLUSION

MTC is a neuroendocrine tumor with unique clinicopathologic and radiologic features compared with other thyroid malignancies. Imaging plays an important role in the optimal management of this malignancy.