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Calcuttawala F, Pal A, Nath P, Kar R, Hazra D, Pal R. Structural and functional insights into colicin: a new paradigm in drug discovery. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:37. [PMID: 34928429 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Colicins are agents of allelopathic interactions produced by certain enterobacteria which give them a competitive advantage in the environment. These protein molecules are mostly encoded by plasmids. The colicin operon consists of the activity, immunity and the lysis genes. The activity protein is responsible for the killing activity, the immunity protein protects the producer cell from the lethal action of colicin and the lysis protein facilitates its release. Colicins are primarily composed of three domains, namely the receptor-binding domain, the translocation domain and the cytotoxic domain. The protein molecule binds to its cognate receptor on the target cell via the receptor-binding domain and undergoes translocation into the cell either via the Tol system or the Ton system. After gaining entry into the target cell, there are various mechanisms by which colicins exert their lethality. These comprise DNase activity, RNase activity and pore formation in the target cell membrane or peptidoglycan synthesis inhibition. This review gives a detailed insight into the structural and functional aspect of colicins and their mode of action. This knowledge is of immense significance because colicins are being considered as very useful alternatives to conventional antibiotics in the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections. Besides, they also have a negligible harmful impact on the commensals. Thus, before tapping their therapeutic potential, it is imperative to know their structure and mechanism of action in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Calcuttawala
- Department of Microbiology, Sister Nivedita University, Kolkata, 700156, India.
| | - Ankita Pal
- Department of Microbiology, Sister Nivedita University, Kolkata, 700156, India
| | - Papri Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Sister Nivedita University, Kolkata, 700156, India
| | - Riya Kar
- Department of Microbiology, Sister Nivedita University, Kolkata, 700156, India
| | - Debraj Hazra
- Department of Microbiology, Sister Nivedita University, Kolkata, 700156, India
| | - Rajat Pal
- Department of Microbiology, Sister Nivedita University, Kolkata, 700156, India
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Sannigrahi A, Chattopadhyay K. Pore formation by pore forming membrane proteins towards infections. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 128:79-111. [PMID: 35034727 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 25 years, the biology of membrane proteins, including the PFPs-membranes interactions is seeking attention for the development of successful drug molecules against a number of infectious diseases. Pore forming toxins (PFTs), the largest family of PFPs are considered as a group of virulence factors produced in a large number of pathogenic systems which include streptococcus, pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, group A and B streptococci, Corynebacterium diphtheria and many more. PFTs are generally utilized by the disease causing pathogens to disrupt the host first line of defense i.e. host cell membranes through pore formation strategy. Although, pore formation is the principal mode of action of the PFTs but they can have additional adverse effects on the hosts including immune evasion. Recently, structural investigation of different PFTs have imparted the molecular mechanistic insights into how PFTs get transformed from its inactive state to active toxic state. On the basis of their structural entity, PFTs have been classified in different types and their mode of actions alters in terms of pore formation and corresponding cellular toxicity. Although pathogen genome analysis can identify the probable PFTs depending upon their structural diversity, there are so many PFTs which utilize the local environmental conditions to generate their pore forming ability using a novel strategy which is known as "conformational switch" of a protein. This conformational switch is considered as characteristics of the phase shifting proteins which were often utilized by many pathogenic systems to protect them from the invaders through allosteric communication between distant regions of the protein. In this chapter, we discuss the structure function relationships of PFTs and how activity of PFTs varies with the change in the environmental conditions has been explored. Finally, we demonstrate these structural insights to develop therapeutic potential to treat the infections caused by multidrug resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achinta Sannigrahi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Mondal AK, Chattopadhyay K. Structures and functions of the membrane-damaging pore-forming proteins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 128:241-288. [PMID: 35034720 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) of the diverse life forms have emerged as the potent cell-killing entities owing to their specialized membrane-damaging properties. PFPs have the unique ability to perforate the plasma membranes of their target cells, and they exert this functionality by creating oligomeric pores in the membrane lipid bilayer. Pathogenic bacteria employ PFPs as toxins to execute their virulence mechanisms, whereas in the higher vertebrates PFPs are deployed as the part of the immune system and to generate inflammatory responses. PFPs are the unique dimorphic proteins that are generally synthesized as water-soluble molecules, and transform into membrane-inserted oligomeric pore assemblies upon interacting with the target membranes. In spite of sharing very little sequence similarity, PFPs from diverse organisms display incredible structural similarity. Yet, at the same time, structure-function mechanisms of the PFPs document remarkable versatility. Such notions establish PFPs as the fascinating model system to explore variety of unsolved issues pertaining to the structure-function paradigm of the proteins that interact and act in the membrane environment. In this article, we discuss our current understanding regarding the structural basis of the pore-forming functions of the diverse class of PFPs. We attempt to highlight the similarities and differences in their structures, membrane pore-formation mechanisms, and their implications for the various biological processes, ranging from the bacterial virulence mechanisms to the inflammatory immune response generation in the higher animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Kumar Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kausik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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Li Y, Li Y, Mengist HM, Shi C, Zhang C, Wang B, Li T, Huang Y, Xu Y, Jin T. Structural Basis of the Pore-Forming Toxin/Membrane Interaction. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020128. [PMID: 33572271 PMCID: PMC7914777 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, it is urgent to develop alternative therapeutic strategies. Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) belong to the largest family of virulence factors of many pathogenic bacteria and constitute the most characterized classes of pore-forming proteins (PFPs). Recent studies revealed the structural basis of several PFTs, both as soluble monomers, and transmembrane oligomers. Upon interacting with host cells, the soluble monomer of bacterial PFTs assembles into transmembrane oligomeric complexes that insert into membranes and affect target cell-membrane permeability, leading to diverse cellular responses and outcomes. Herein we have reviewed the structural basis of pore formation and interaction of PFTs with the host cell membrane, which could add valuable contributions in comprehensive understanding of PFTs and searching for novel therapeutic strategies targeting PFTs and interaction with host receptors in the fight of bacterial antibiotic-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuelong Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; (Y.L.); (H.M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; (Y.L.); (H.M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cuixiao Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; (Y.L.); (H.M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; (Y.L.); (C.S.); (B.W.); (T.L.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (T.J.); Tel.: +86-13505694447 (Y.X.); +86-17605607323 (T.J.)
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; (Y.L.); (H.M.M.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (T.J.); Tel.: +86-13505694447 (Y.X.); +86-17605607323 (T.J.)
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Bhat AS, Kinch LN, Grishin NV. β-Strand-mediated interactions of protein domains. Proteins 2020; 88:1513-1527. [PMID: 32543729 PMCID: PMC8018532 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein domains exist by themselves or in combination with other domains to form complex multidomain proteins. Defining domain boundaries in proteins is essential for understanding their evolution and function but is not trivial. More specifically, partitioning domains that interact by forming a single β-sheet is known to be particularly troublesome for automatic structure-based domain decomposition pipelines. Here, we study edge-to-edge β-strand interactions between domains in a protein chain, to help define the boundaries for some more difficult cases where a single β-sheet spanning over two domains gives an appearance of one. We give a number of examples where β-strands belonging to a single β-sheet do not belong to a single domain and highlight the difficulties of automatic domain parsers on these examples. This work can be used as a baseline for defining domain boundaries in homologous proteins or proteins with similar domain interactions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana S. Bhat
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9050
| | - Lisa N. Kinch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9050
| | - Nick V. Grishin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9050
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9050
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Kohoutova D, Forstlova M, Moravkova P, Cyrany J, Bosak J, Smajs D, Rejchrt S, Bures J. Bacteriocin production by mucosal bacteria in current and previous colorectal neoplasia. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:39. [PMID: 31948419 PMCID: PMC6966821 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-6512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal therapy for colorectal carcinoma (CRC), a frequently diagnosed malignancy, does not exist. Some of colicins and microcins, ribosomally synthesized peptides by gramnegative bacteria, have shown significant biological activity specifically against different cancer cells in vitro and in vivo conditions. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate natural colicin and microcin production by large intestinal mucosal bacteria in each stage of colorectal neoplasia and in those with a history of colorectal neoplasia. METHODS A total of 21 patients with non-advanced adenoma (non-a-A; 16/21 with current and 5/21 with history of non-a-A), 20 patients with advanced colorectal adenoma (a-A; 11/20 with current and 9/20 with history of a-A), 22 individuals with CRC (9/22 with current and 13/22 with history of CRC) and 20 controls were enrolled. Mucosal biopsies from the caecum, transverse colon and the rectum were taken during colonoscopy in each individual. Microbiological culture followed. Production of colicins and microcins was evaluated by PCR methods. RESULTS A total of 239 mucosal biopsies were taken. Production of colicins and microcins was significantly more frequent in individuals with non-a-A, a-A and CRC compared to controls. No significant difference in colicin and microcin production was found between patients with current and previous non-a-A, a-A and CRC. Significantly more frequent production of colicins was observed in men compared to women at the stage of colorectal carcinoma. A later onset of increased production of microcins during the adenoma-carcinoma sequence has been observed in males compared to females. CONCLUSIONS Strains isolated from large intestinal mucosa in patients with colorectal neoplasia produce colicins and microcins more frequently compared to controls. Bacteriocin production does not differ between patients with current and previous colorectal neoplasia. Fundamental differences in bacteriocin production have been confirmed between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Kohoutova
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, Chelsea, London, SW3 6JJ UK
| | - Miroslava Forstlova
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Paula Moravkova
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Cyrany
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Bosak
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, University Campus at Bohunice, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Smajs
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, University Campus at Bohunice, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Rejchrt
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bures
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine Gastroenterology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Duport C, Alpha-Bazin B, Armengaud J. Advanced Proteomics as a Powerful Tool for Studying Toxins of Human Bacterial Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100576. [PMID: 31590258 PMCID: PMC6832400 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exotoxins contribute to the infectious processes of many bacterial pathogens, mainly by causing host tissue damages. The production of exotoxins varies according to the bacterial species. Recent advances in proteomics revealed that pathogenic bacteria are capable of simultaneously producing more than a dozen exotoxins. Interestingly, these toxins may be subject to post-transcriptional modifications in response to environmental conditions. In this review, we give an outline of different bacterial exotoxins and their mechanism of action. We also report how proteomics contributed to immense progress in the study of toxinogenic potential of pathogenic bacteria over the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Duport
- SQPOV, UMR0408, Avignon Université, INRA, F-84914 Avignon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Béatrice Alpha-Bazin
- Laboratoire Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France; (B.A.-B.); (J.A.)
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Laboratoire Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (Li2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), CEA, INRA, F-30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France; (B.A.-B.); (J.A.)
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Sato R, Adegawa S, Li X, Tanaka S, Endo H. Function and Role of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters as Receptors for 3D-Cry Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E124. [PMID: 30791434 PMCID: PMC6409751 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When ABC transporter family C2 (ABCC2) and ABC transporter family B1 (ABCB1) were heterologously expressed in non-susceptible cultured cells, the cells swelled in response to Cry1A and Cry3 toxins, respectively. Consistent with the notion that 3D-Cry toxins form cation-permeable pores, Bombyx mori ABCC2 (BmABCC2) facilitated cation-permeable pore formation by Cry1A when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Furthermore, BmABCC2 had a high binding affinity (KD) to Cry1Aa of 3.1 × 10-10 M. These findings suggest that ABC transporters, including ABCC2 and ABCB1, are functional receptors for 3D-Cry toxins. In addition, the Cry2 toxins most distant from Cry1A toxins on the phylogenetic tree used ABC transporter A2 as a receptor. These data suggest that 3D-Cry toxins use ABC transporters as receptors. In terms of inducing cell swelling, ABCC2 has greater activity than cadherin-like receptor. The pore opening of ABC transporters was hypothesized to be linked to their receptor function, but this was repudiated by experiments using mutants deficient in export activity. The synergistic relationship between ABCC2 and cadherin-like receptor explains their ability to cause resistance in one species of insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Satomi Adegawa
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Shiho Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Haruka Endo
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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Yap WY, Hwang JS. Response of Cellular Innate Immunity to Cnidarian Pore-Forming Toxins. Molecules 2018; 23:E2537. [PMID: 30287801 PMCID: PMC6222686 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A group of stable, water-soluble and membrane-bound proteins constitute the pore forming toxins (PFTs) in cnidarians. They interact with membranes to physically alter the membrane structure and permeability, resulting in the formation of pores. These lesions on the plasma membrane causes an imbalance of cellular ionic gradients, resulting in swelling of the cell and eventually its rupture. Of all cnidarian PFTs, actinoporins are by far the best studied subgroup with established knowledge of their molecular structure and their mode of pore-forming action. However, the current view of necrotic action by actinoporins may not be the only mechanism that induces cell death since there is increasing evidence showing that pore-forming toxins can induce either necrosis or apoptosis in a cell-type, receptor and dose-dependent manner. In this review, we focus on the response of the cellular immune system to the cnidarian pore-forming toxins and the signaling pathways that might be involved in these cellular responses. Since PFTs represent potential candidates for targeted toxin therapy for the treatment of numerous cancers, we also address the challenge to overcoming the immunogenicity of these toxins when used as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuen Yap
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Jung Shan Hwang
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia.
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Mondal AK, Sreekumar A, Kundu N, Kathuria R, Verma P, Gandhi S, Chattopadhyay K. Structural Basis and Functional Implications of the Membrane Pore-Formation Mechanisms of Bacterial Pore-Forming Toxins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1112:281-291. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3065-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Peraro MD, van der Goot FG. Pore-forming toxins: ancient, but never really out of fashion. Nat Rev Microbiol 2015; 14:77-92. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pulagam LP, Steinhoff HJ. Acidic pH-Induced Membrane Insertion of Colicin A into E. coli Natural Lipids Probed by Site-Directed Spin Labeling. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:1782-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Ho D, Lugo MR, Merrill AR. Harmonic analysis of the fluorescence response of bimane adducts of colicin E1 at helices 6, 7, and 10. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:5136-48. [PMID: 23264635 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.436303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pre-channel state of helices 6, 7, and 10 (Val(447)-Gly(475) and Ile(508)-Ile(522)) of colicin E1 was investigated by a site-directed fluorescence labeling technique. A total of 44 cysteine variants were purified and covalently labeled with monobromobimane fluorescent probe. A variety of fluorescence properties of the bimane fluorophore were measured for both the soluble and membrane-bound states of the channel peptide, including the fluorescence emission maximum, fluorescence anisotropy, and membrane bilayer penetration depth. Using site-directed fluorescence labeling combined with our novel helical periodicity analysis method, the data revealed that helices 6, 7, and 10 are separate amphipathic α-helices with a calculated periodicity of T = 3.34 ± 0.08 for helix 6, T = 3.56 ± 0.03 for helix 7, and T = 2.99 ± 0.12 for helix 10 in the soluble state. In the membrane-bound state, the helical periodicity was determined to be T = 3.00 ± 0.15 for helix 6, T = 3.68 ± 0.03 for helix 7, and T = 3.47 ± 0.04 for helix 10. Dual fluorescence quencher analysis showed that both helices 6 and 7 adopt a tilted topology that correlates well with the analysis based on the fluorescence anisotropy profile. These data provide further support for the umbrella model of the colicin E1 channel domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Ho
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey M. Bezrukov
- Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
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Abstract
It is more than 80 years since Gratia first described 'a remarkable antagonism between two strains of Escherichia coli'. Shown subsequently to be due to the action of proteins (or peptides) produced by one bacterium to kill closely related species with which it might be cohabiting, such bacteriocins have since been shown to be commonplace in the internecine warfare between bacteria. Bacteriocins have been studied primarily from the twin perspectives of how they shape microbial communities and how they penetrate bacteria to kill them. Here, we review the modes of action of a family of bacteriocins that cleave nucleic acid substrates in E. coli, known collectively as nuclease colicins, and the specific immunity (inhibitor) proteins that colicin-producing organisms make in order to avoid committing suicide. In a process akin to targeting in mitochondria, nuclease colicins engage in a variety of cellular associations in order to translocate their cytotoxic domains through the cell envelope to the cytoplasm. As well as informing on the process itself, the study of nuclease colicin import has also illuminated functional aspects of the host proteins they parasitize. We also review recent studies where nuclease colicins and their immunity proteins have been used as model systems for addressing fundamental problems in protein folding and protein-protein interactions, areas of biophysics that are intimately linked to the role of colicins in bacterial competition and to the import process itself.
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