Cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoids mediators of ocular surface inflammation. are

The TFOS International Workshop on Contact Lens Discomfort: report of the subcommittee on neurobiology

This report characterizes the neurobiology of the ocular surface and highlights relevant mechanisms that may underpin contact lens-related discomfort. While there is limited evidence for the mechanisms involved in contact lens-related discomfort, neurobiological mechanisms in dry eye disease, the inflammatory pathway, the effect of hyperosmolarity on ocular surface nociceptors, and subsequent sensory processing of ocular pain and discomfort have been at least partly elucidated and are presented herein to provide insight in this new arena. The stimulus to the ocular surface from a contact lens is likely to be complex and multifactorial, including components of osmolarity, solution effects, desiccation, thermal effects, inflammation, friction, and mechanical stimulation. Sensory input will arise from stimulation of the lid margin, palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, and the cornea.

Selective activation of the prostaglandin E2 circuit in chronic injury-induced pathologic angiogenesis

PURPOSE

Cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is a prevalent and established mediator of inflammation and pain in numerous tissues and diseases. Distribution and expression of the four PGE(2) receptors (EP1-EP4) can dictate whether PGE(2) exerts an anti-inflammatory or a proinflammatory and/or a proangiogenic effect. The role and mechanism of endogenous PGE(2) in the cornea, and the regulation of EP expression during a dynamic and complex inflammatory/reparative response remain to be clearly defined.

METHODS

Chronic or acute self-resolving inflammation was induced in mice by corneal suture or epithelial abrasion, respectively. Reepithelialization was monitored by fluorescein staining and neovascularization quantified by CD31/PECAM-1 immunofluorescence. PGE(2) formation was analyzed by lipidomics and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration quantified by myeloperoxidase activity. Expression of EPs and inflammatory/angiogenic mediators was assessed by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Mice eyes were treated with PGE(2) (100 ng topically, three times a day) for up to 7 days.

RESULTS

COX-2, EP-2, and EP-4 expression was upregulated with chronic inflammation that correlated with increased corneal PGE(2) formation and marked neovascularization. In contrast, acute abrasion injury did not alter PGE(2) or EP levels. PGE(2) treatment amplified PMN infiltration and the angiogenic response to chronic inflammation but did not affect wound healing or PMN infiltration after epithelial abrasion. Exacerbated inflammatory neovascularization with PGE(2) treatment was independent of the VEGF circuit but was associated with a significant induction of the eotaxin-CCR3 axis.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings place the corneal PGE(2) circuit as an endogenous mediator of inflammatory neovascularization rather than general inflammation and demonstrate that chronic inflammation selectively regulates this circuit at the level of biosynthetic enzyme and receptor expression.