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Wang Z, Xu M, Xie Y, Xu M, Liu H, Wei D, Wang H. One-Pot Two-Stage Biocatalytic Cascade to Produce l-Phosphinothricin by Two Enantioselective Complementary Aminotransferases at High Substrate Loading via a Deracemization Process. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38836289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The bioderacemization of racemic phosphinothricin (D, L-PPT) is a promising route for the synthesis of l-phosphinothricin (L-PPT). However, the low activity and tolerance of wild-type enzymes restrict their industrial applications. Two stereocomplementary aminotransferases with high activity and substrate tolerance were identified in a metagenomic library, and a one-pot, two-stage artificial cascade biocatalytic system was developed to produce L-PPT through kinetic resolution and asymmetric amination. We observed that 500 mM D, L-PPT (100 g/L) could be converted into L-PPT with 94% final conversion and >99.9% enantiomeric excess (e.e.) within 24 h, with only 0.02 eq amino acceptor pyruvate and 1.2 eq amino donor l-aspartate required. The process could be scaled up to 10 L under sufficient oxygen and stirring. The superior catalytic performance of this system provides an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to the industrial deracemization of D, L-PPT to L-PPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Minglu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Youyu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - He Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Wang P, Song C, Lu X, Lu Y. Seizure as the main presenting manifestation of three patients with acute glufosinate-ammonium poisoning. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2024; 25:354-358. [PMID: 38584096 PMCID: PMC11009438 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2300469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Glufosinate-ammonium herbicides are the most widely used broad-spectrum, non-selective herbicides in the world. Glufosinate-ammonium is a structural analogue of glutamate (Glu) which can irreversibly inhibit the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) and Glu decarboxylase in plants, thereby blocking the synthesis of glutamine (Gln) from Glu and ammonia (Hoerlein, 1994). This causes the plants to die because of the nitrogen metabolism disorder and subsequent intracellular accumulation of ammonia. In humans, the characteristic features of glufosinate-ammonium herbicide poisoning include gastrointestinal symptoms and neurotoxicity (Watanabe and Sano, 1998). Currently, there are no antidotes for glufosinate-ammonium herbicide poisoning, and thus supportive care is the key treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Physic-chemical and Aging-related Injuries, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Congying Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Physic-chemical and Aging-related Injuries, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Physic-chemical and Aging-related Injuries, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yuanqiang Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Physic-chemical and Aging-related Injuries, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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3
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Shepherdson EMF, Elliot MA. Redefining development in Streptomyces venezuelae: integrating exploration into the classical sporulating life cycle. mBio 2024; 15:e0242423. [PMID: 38470267 PMCID: PMC11005364 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02424-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Two growth modes have been described for the filamentous Streptomyces bacteria. Their classic developmental life cycle culminates in the formation of dormant spores, where movement to new environments is mediated through spore dispersal. In contrast, exploratory growth proceeds as a rapidly expanding vegetative mycelium that leads to extensive surface colonization and is associated with the release of volatile compounds that promote alkalinization (and reduced iron bioavailability) of its surrounding environment. Here, we report that exploratory growth in Streptomyces venezuelae can proceed in tandem with classic sporulating development in response to specific nutritional cues. Sporulating exploration is not accompanied by a rise in environmental pH but has the same iron acquisition requirements as conventional exploration. We found that mutants that were defective in their ability to sporulate were unaffected in exploration, but mutants undergoing precocious sporulation were compromised in their exploratory growth and this appeared to be mediated through premature activation of the developmental regulator WhiI. Cell envelope integrity was also found to be critical for exploration, as mutations in the cell envelope stress-responsive extracytoplasmic function sigma factor SigE led to a failure to explore robustly under all exploration-promoting conditions. Finally, in expanding the known exploration-promoting conditions, we discovered that the model species Streptomyces lividans exhibited exploration capabilities, supporting the proposal that exploration is conserved across diverse streptomycetes. IMPORTANCE Streptomyces bacteria have evolved diverse developmental and metabolic strategies to thrive in dynamic environmental niches. Here, we report the amalgamation of previously disparate developmental pathways, showing that colony expansion via exploration can proceed in tandem with colony sporulation. This developmental integration extends beyond phenotype to include shared genetic elements, with sporulation-specific repressors being required for successful exploration. Comparing this new exploration mode with previously identified strategies has revealed key differences (e.g., no need for environmental alkalinization), and simultaneously allowed us to define unifying requirements for Streptomyces exploration. The "reproductive exploration" phenomenon reported here represents a unique bet-hedging strategy, with the Streptomyces colony engaging in an aggressive colonization strategy while transporting a protected genetic repository.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M. F. Shepherdson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie A. Elliot
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Traxler C, Gaines TA, Küpper A, Luemmen P, Dayan FE. The nexus between reactive oxygen species and the mechanism of action of herbicides. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105267. [PMID: 37734554 PMCID: PMC10591016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbicides are small molecules that act by inhibiting specific molecular target sites within primary plant metabolic pathways resulting in catastrophic and lethal consequences. The stress induced by herbicides generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), but little is known about the nexus between each herbicide mode of action (MoA) and their respective ability to induce ROS formation. Indeed, some herbicides cause dramatic surges in ROS levels as part of their primary MoA, whereas other herbicides may generate some ROS as a secondary effect of the stress they imposed on plants. In this review, we discuss the types of ROS and their respective reactivity and describe their involvement for each known MoA based on the new Herbicide Resistance Action Committee classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Traxler
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Todd A Gaines
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anita Küpper
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Bayer CropScience, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Peter Luemmen
- Research & Development Division, Bayer AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Franck E Dayan
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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Gallardo-Valle ED, Carbajal-Nogueda D, Moreno-Godínez ME, Flores-Alfaro E, Parra-Rojas I, Huerta-Beristain G, Domínguez-Reyes T, Ramírez-Vargas MA. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of glufosinate-ammonium at technical and commercial grades in HepG2 cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2023; 58:577-582. [PMID: 37516932 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2241322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to genotoxic agents is associated with the development of cancer and related diseases. For this reason, assessing the genotoxicity of chemical compounds is necessary. In this line, information about the genotoxic effect of glufosinate-ammonium (GLA) has been reported only for the technical grade. However, humans are frequently exposed to commercial formulations of pesticides. Commercial formulations are characterized by using inner agents that increase toxicity compared to pesticides in technical grade. This study aimed to determine the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of GLA on HepG2 cells. MTT and comet assays were performed to evaluate cell viability and DNA damage, respectively. HepG2 cells were exposed for 24 h to different concentrations of GLA (at 0.01 µg/mL; 0.04 µg/mL; 0.1 µg/mL; 0.24 µg/mL; 0.52 µg/mL; 1.25 µg/mL; 2.62 µg/mL and 13.12 µg/mL) in commercial- (Finale Ultra®) or technical-grade (GLAT). The results indicated that only Finale Ultra® induced a reduction in cell viability at 13.12 µg/mL. Furthermore, exposure to Finale Ultra® or GLAT was associated with increased DNA damage at concentrations from 0.52-13.12- µg/mL. This study shows the genotoxic effect of GLA on HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezeidy Denisse Gallardo-Valle
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Salud Ambiental, Facultad De Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma De Guerrero, Guerrero, México
| | - Dayanne Carbajal-Nogueda
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Salud Ambiental, Facultad De Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma De Guerrero, Guerrero, México
| | - Ma Elena Moreno-Godínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Salud Ambiental, Facultad De Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma De Guerrero, Guerrero, México
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Epidemiologia Clínica y Molecular, Facultad De Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma De Guerrero, Guerrero, México
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Facultad De Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma De Guerrero, Guerrero, México
| | - Gerardo Huerta-Beristain
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Salud Ambiental, Facultad De Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma De Guerrero, Guerrero, México
| | - Teresa Domínguez-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Facultad De Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma De Guerrero, Guerrero, México
| | - Marco Antonio Ramírez-Vargas
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Salud Ambiental, Facultad De Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma De Guerrero, Guerrero, México
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Leng XY, Zhao LX, Gao S, Ye F, Fu Y. Review on the Discovery of Novel Natural Herbicide Safeners. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37466454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The phytotoxicity of herbicides on crops is a major dilemma in agricultural production. Fortunately, the emergence of herbicide safeners is an excellent solution to this challenge, selectively enhancing the performance of herbicides in controlling weeds while reducing the phytotoxicity to crops. But owing to their potential toxicity, only a tiny proportion of safeners are commercially available. Natural products as safeners have been extensively explored, which are generally safe to mammals and cause little pollution to the environment. They are typically endogenous signal molecules or phytohormones, which are generally difficult to extract and synthesize, and exhibit relatively lower activity than commercial products. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt rational design approaches to modify the structure of natural safeners. This paper reviews the application, safener effects, structural characteristics, and modifications of natural safeners and provides insights on the discovery of natural products as potential safeners in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Leng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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7
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Cryptic specialized metabolites drive Streptomyces exploration and provide a competitive advantage during growth with other microbes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2211052119. [PMID: 36161918 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211052119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces bacteria have a complex life cycle that is intricately linked with their remarkable metabolic capabilities. Exploration is a recently discovered developmental innovation of these bacteria, that involves the rapid expansion of a structured colony on solid surfaces. Nutrient availability impacts exploration dynamics, and we have found that glycerol can dramatically increase exploration rates and alter the metabolic output of exploring colonies. We show here that glycerol-mediated growth acceleration is accompanied by distinct transcriptional signatures and by the activation of otherwise cryptic metabolites including the orange-pigmented coproporphyrin, the antibiotic chloramphenicol, and the uncommon, alternative siderophore foroxymithine. Exploring cultures are also known to produce the well-characterized desferrioxamine siderophore. Mutational studies of single and double siderophore mutants revealed functional redundancy when strains were cultured on their own; however, loss of the alternative foroxymithine siderophore imposed a more profound fitness penalty than loss of desferrioxamine during coculture with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Notably, the two siderophores displayed distinct localization patterns, with desferrioxamine being confined within the colony area, and foroxymithine diffusing well beyond the colony boundary. The relative fitness advantage conferred by the alternative foroxymithine siderophore was abolished when the siderophore piracy capabilities of S. cerevisiae were eliminated (S. cerevisiae encodes a ferrioxamine-specific transporter). Our work suggests that exploring Streptomyces colonies can engage in nutrient-targeted metabolic arms races, deploying alternative siderophores that allow them to successfully outcompete other microbes for the limited bioavailable iron during coculture.
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Noguera MM, Porri A, Werle IS, Heiser J, Brändle F, Lerchl J, Murphy B, Betz M, Gatzmann F, Penkert M, Tuerk C, Meyer L, Roma-Burgos N. Involvement of glutamine synthetase 2 (GS2) amplification and overexpression in Amaranthus palmeri resistance to glufosinate. PLANTA 2022; 256:57. [PMID: 35960361 PMCID: PMC9374794 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amplification and overexpression of the target site glutamine synthetase, specifically the plastid-located isoform, confers resistance to glufosinate in Amaranthus palmeri. This mechanism is novel among glufosinate-resistant weeds. Amaranthus palmeri has recently evolved resistance to glufosinate herbicide. Several A. palmeri populations from Missouri and Mississippi, U.S.A. had survivors when sprayed with glufosinate-ammonium (GFA, 657 g ha-1). One population, MO#2 (fourfold resistant) and its progeny (sixfold resistant), were used to study the resistance mechanism, focusing on the herbicide target glutamine synthetase (GS). We identified four GS genes in A. palmeri; three were transcribed: one coding for the plastidic protein (GS2) and two coding for cytoplasmic isoforms (GS1.1 and GS1.2). These isoforms did not contain mutations associated with resistance. The 17 glufosinate survivors studied showed up to 21-fold increase in GS2 copies. GS2 was expressed up to 190-fold among glufosinate survivors. GS1.1 was overexpressed > twofold in only 3 of 17, and GS1.2 in 2 of 17 survivors. GS inhibition by GFA causes ammonia accumulation in susceptible plants. Ammonia level was analyzed in 12 F1 plants. GS2 expression was negatively correlated with ammonia level (r = - 0.712); therefore, plants with higher GS2 expression are less sensitive to GFA. The operating efficiency of photosystem II (ϕPSII) of Nicotiana benthamiana overexpressing GS2 was four times less inhibited by GFA compared to control plants. Therefore, increased copy and overexpression of GS2 confer resistance to GFA in A. palmeri (or other plants). We present novel understanding of the role of GS2 in resistance evolution to glufosinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus M Noguera
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1371 W Altheimer Dr, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
| | - Aimone Porri
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Isabel S Werle
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1371 W Altheimer Dr, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign, USA
| | - James Heiser
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO, USA
| | | | - Jens Lerchl
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Brent Murphy
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Michael Betz
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Fanny Gatzmann
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Martin Penkert
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Clara Tuerk
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Lucie Meyer
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Nilda Roma-Burgos
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1371 W Altheimer Dr, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA.
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Dassanayake MK, Chong CH, Khoo TJ, Figiel A, Szumny A, Choo CM. Synergistic Field Crop Pest Management Properties of Plant-Derived Essential Oils in Combination with Synthetic Pesticides and Bioactive Molecules: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:2016. [PMID: 34574123 PMCID: PMC8467659 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of insect pests and fungal diseases that cause damage to crops has become challenging due to the rise of pesticide and fungicide resistance. The recent developments in studies related to plant-derived essential oil products has led to the discovery of a range of phytochemicals with the potential to combat pesticide and fungicide resistance. This review paper summarizes and interprets the findings of experimental work based on plant-based essential oils in combination with existing pesticidal and fungicidal agents and novel bioactive natural and synthetic molecules against the insect pests and fungi responsible for the damage of crops. The insect mortality rate and fractional inhibitory concentration were used to evaluate the insecticidal and fungicidal activities of essential oil synergists against crop-associated pests. A number of studies have revealed that plant-derived essential oils are capable of enhancing the insect mortality rate and reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration of commercially available pesticides, fungicides and other bioactive molecules. Considering these facts, plant-derived essential oils represent a valuable and novel source of bioactive compounds with potent synergism to modulate crop-associated insect pests and phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackingsley Kushan Dassanayake
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; (M.K.D.); (T.-J.K.)
| | - Chien Hwa Chong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Teng-Jin Khoo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; (M.K.D.); (T.-J.K.)
| | - Adam Figiel
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37a, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Chee Ming Choo
- Centre for Water Research, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, SEGi University Kota Damansara, Petaling Jaya 47810, Malaysia;
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10
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Yeon S, Kim SH, Sim J, Kim S, Lee Y, Kim H, Cha YS. Major component causing neurological toxicity in acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning: determination of glufosinate, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and ammonia in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 60:286-292. [PMID: 34269144 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1952215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the primary contributor to neurotoxicity in patients with glufosinate ammonium (GLA) poisoning, by quantifying glufosinate, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and ammonia in serum and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected and analysed data from confirmed cases of GLA poisoning between May 2018 and August 2020. Based on the occurrence of neurological complications (mental change, seizure, and central apnoea), patients were assigned to one of two groups: those with complications (NCx) and without (non-NCx) complications. Concentrations of glufosinate, 1-methoxy-2-propanol (1M2P), and ammonia were measured in the serum upon admission and during hospital stay. The concentrations of all these substances were again measured in the CSF following a decline in the mental status or seizure (NCx group) or on the day after hospitalisation (non-NCx group). RESULTS Of the 20 patients included, ammonia levels in the serum and CSF at onset of altered sensorium in the NCx group (n = 16) were significantly higher than those at one day after hospitalisation in the non-NCx group (n = 4) (p = 0.011 in serum, p = 0.047 in CSF), with its concentration in the CSF being higher than that in the serum in 15/16 cases. The concentration of 1M2P was similar in the serum and CSF (8/16), but the concentrations of glufosinate (7/16) was lower in the CSF than in the serum. In the non-NCx group (n = 4), only ammonia was detectable. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with GLA poisoning, increased CSF ammonia was significantly correlated with neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghoon Yeon
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwa Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center of Biomedical Data Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Sim
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunchun Kim
- Forensic Toxicology Division, Daejeon institute, National Forensic Service, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsuk Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Research Institute of Hyperbaric Medicine and Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Research Institute of Hyperbaric Medicine and Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sung Cha
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Research Institute of Hyperbaric Medicine and Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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11
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Takano HK, Dayan FE. Glufosinate-ammonium: a review of the current state of knowledge. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3911-3925. [PMID: 32578317 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Glufosinate is a key herbicide to manage glyphosate-resistant weeds mainly because it is a broad-spectrum herbicide, and transgenic glufosinate-resistant crops are available. Although glufosinate use has increased exponentially over the past decade, the treated area with this herbicide is far less than that with glyphosate. This is because glufosinate often provides inconsistent performance in the field, which is attributed to several factors including environmental conditions, application technology, and weed species. Glufosinate is also highly hydrophilic and does not translocate well in plants, generally providing poor control of grasses and perennial species. In the soil, glufosinate is rapidly degraded by microorganisms, leaving no residual activity. While there have been concerns regarding glufosinate toxicology, its proper use can be considered safe. Glufosinate is a fast-acting herbicide that was first discovered as a natural product, and is the only herbicide presently targeting glutamine synthetase. The mode of action of glufosinate has been controversial, and the causes for the rapid phytotoxicity have often been attributed to ammonia accumulation. Recent studies indicate that the contact activity of glufosinate results from the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent lipid peroxidation. Glufosinate disrupts both photorespiration and the light reactions of photosynthesis, leading to photoreduction of molecular oxygen, which generates reactive oxygen species. The new understanding of the mode of action provided new ideas to improve the herbicidal activity of glufosinate. Finally, a very few weed species have evolved glufosinate resistance in the field, and the resistance mechanisms are generally not well understood requiring further investigation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson K Takano
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Franck E Dayan
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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12
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Rina YA, Schmidt JAR. Double Hydrophosphorylation of Nitriles Catalyzed by Rare-Earth-Metal Lanthanum. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14720-14729. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yesmin Akter Rina
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street MS 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
| | - Joseph A. R. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street MS 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
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Cao CH, Gong H, Dong Y, Li JM, Cheng F, Xue YP, Zheng YG. Enzyme cascade for biocatalytic deracemization of D,L-phosphinothricin. J Biotechnol 2020; 325:372-379. [PMID: 33007350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Deracemization of D,L-phosphinothricin (D,L-PPT) is one of the most promising routes for preparation of optically pure L-PPT. In this work, an efficient multi-enzyme redox cascade was developed for deracemization ofPPT, which includes oxidative reaction and reductive reaction. The oxidative reaction catalyzing oxidative deamination of D-PPT to 2-oxo-4-[(hydroxy)(-methyl)phosphinyl]butyric acid (PPO) was performed by a D-amino acid oxidase and a catalase for removing H2O2. The reductive reaction catalyzing amination of PPO to L-PPT is achieved by a glufosinate dehydrogenase and a glucose dehydrogenase for cofactor regeneration. To avoid the inhibitory effect of glucose on the oxidative reaction, a "two stages in one-pot" strategy was developed to combine these two reactions in deracemization process. By using this strategy, the L-PPT was obtained with a high yield (89 %) and > 99 % enantiomeric excess at substrate loading of 300 mM in absence of addition of extra NADP+. These encouraging results demonstrated that the developed enzyme cascade deracemization process exhibits great potential and economical competitiveness for manufacture of L-PPT from D,L-PPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Huo Gong
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ju-Mou Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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14
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Decreased Glucose Utilization Contributes to Memory Impairment in Patients with Glufosinate Ammonium Intoxication. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041213. [PMID: 32340163 PMCID: PMC7231126 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of glufosinate ammonium (GLA) intoxication include gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms, respiratory failure, and cardiovascular instability. Among these, neurologic symptoms including loss of consciousness, memory impairment, and seizure are characteristic of GLA poisoning. However, the mechanism of brain injury by GLA poisoning is still poorly understood. We investigated nine patients who had performed an F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) scan because of memory impairment caused by GLA ingestion. FDG-PET images of patients with GLA intoxication were compared with 24 age- and sex-matched healthy controls to evaluate whether the patients had abnormal patterns of glucose metabolism in the brain. Decreased glucose metabolism was observed in the inferior frontal and temporal lobes of these patients with GLA intoxication when compared with 24 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Three patients performed follow-up FDG-PET scans. However, it was shown that the results of the follow-up FDG-PET scans were determined to be inconclusive. Our study showed that memory impairment induced by GLA intoxication was associated with glucose hypometabolism in the inferior frontal and temporal lobes in the brain.
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15
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Boonchaisri S, Stevenson T, Dias DA. Utilization of GC-MS untargeted metabolomics to assess the delayed response of glufosinate treatment of transgenic herbicide resistant (HR) buffalo grasses (Stenotaphrum secundatum L.). Metabolomics 2020; 16:22. [PMID: 31989303 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-1644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herbicide resistant (HR) buffalo grasses were genetically engineered to resist the non-selective herbicide, glufosinate in order to facilitate a modern, 'weeding program' which is highly effective in terms of minimizing costs and labor. The resistant trait was conferred by an insertion of the pat gene to allow for the production of the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) to detoxify the glufosinate inhibitive effect. To date, there are only a few reports using metabolomics as well as molecular characterizations published for glufosinate-resistant crops with no reports on HR turfgrass. Therefore, for the first time, this study examines the metabolome of glufosinate-resistant buffalo grasses which not only will be useful to future growers but also the scientific community. OBJECTIVE A major aim of this present work is to characterize and evaluate the metabolic alterations which may arise from a genetic transformation of HR buffalo grasses by comprehensively using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based untargeted metabolomics. METHODS Eight-week old plants of 4 HR buffalo grasses, (93-1A, 93-2B, 93-3C and 93-5A) and 3 wild type varieties (WT 8-4A, WT 9-1B and WT 9-1B) were selected for physiological, molecular and metabolomics experiments. Plants were either sprayed with 1, 5, 10 and 15% v/v of glufosinate to evaluate the visual injuries or submerged in 5% v/v of glufosinate 3 days prior to a GC-MS based untargeted metabolomics analysis. In contrast, the control group was treated with distilled water. Leaves were extracted in 1:1 methanol:water and then analysed, using an in-house GC-MS untargeted workflow. RESULTS Results identified 199 metabolites with only 6 of them (cis-aconitic acid, allantoin, cellobiose, glyceric acid, maltose and octadecanoic acid) found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05) between the HR and wild type buffalo grass varieties compared to the control experiment. Among these metabolites, unusual accumulation of allantoin was prominent and was an unanticipated effect of the pat gene insertion. As expected, glufosinate treatment caused significant metabolic alterations in the sensitive wild type, with the up-regulation of several amino acids (e.g. phenylalanine and isoleucine) which was likely due to glufosinate-induced senescence. The aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthetic pathway was identified as the most significant enriched pathway as a result of glufosinate effects because a number of its intermediates were amino acids. CONCLUSION HR buffalo grasses were very similar to its wild type comparator based on a comprehensive GC-MS based untargeted metabolomics and therefore, should guarantee the safe use of these HR buffalo grasses. The current metabolomics analyses not only confirmed the effects of glufosinate to up-regulate free amino acid pools in the sensitive wild type but also several alterations in sugar, sugar phosphate and organic acid metabolism have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trevor Stevenson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Daniel A Dias
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
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16
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Shi L, Wu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Fang W, Wang Y, Wan Z, Wang K, Ke S. Herbicidal Secondary Metabolites from Actinomycetes: Structure Diversity, Modes of Action, and Their Roles in the Development of Herbicides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:17-32. [PMID: 31809036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Weeds had caused significant loss for crop production in the process of agriculture. Herbicides have played an important role in securing crop production. However, the high reliance on herbicides has led to environmental issues as well as the evolution of herbicide resistance. Thus, there is an urgent need for new herbicides with safer toxicological profiles and novel modes of action. Actinomycetes produce very diverse bioactive compounds, of which some show potent biopesticidal activity. The herbicidal secondary metabolites from actinomycetes can be classified into several groups, such as amino acids, peptides, nucleosides, macrolides, lactones, amide, amines, etc., some of which have been successfully developed as commercial herbicides. The structure diversity and evolved biological activity of secondary metabolites from actinomycetes can offer opportunities for the development of both directly used bioherbicides and synthetic herbicides with new target sites, and thus, this review focuses on the structure, herbicidal activity, and modes of action of secondary metabolites from actinomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiao Shi
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre , Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan , Hubei 430064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyuan Wu
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre , Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan , Hubei 430064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre , Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan , Hubei 430064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre , Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan , Hubei 430064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Fang
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre , Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan , Hubei 430064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yueying Wang
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre , Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan , Hubei 430064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyi Wan
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre , Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan , Hubei 430064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kaimei Wang
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre , Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan , Hubei 430064 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyong Ke
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre , Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan , Hubei 430064 , People's Republic of China
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17
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Jia G, Xu J, Long X, Ge S, Chen L, Hu D, Zhang Y. Enantioselective Degradation and Chiral Stability of Glufosinate in Soil and Water Samples and Formation of 3-Methylphosphinicopropionic Acid and N-Acetyl-glufosinate Metabolites. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11312-11321. [PMID: 31557019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two enantiomers of glufosinate were separated under reverse-phase conditions on a chiral crown stationary phase (CROWNPAK CR(+)). An efficient and reliable chiral analytical method was developed to determine the glufosinate enantiomers and two metabolites in soil and water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). The linearities of the matrix-matched calibration curves in five water and four soil samples were good with a correlation coefficient R2 > 0.998, and the mean recoveries were 85.2-100.4%, with relative standard deviations of 1.0-7.1%. l-Glufosinate was degraded faster than d-glufosinate in four nonsterile natural soil and two nonsterile natural water samples. The degradation half-lives of the enantiomers ranged from 3.4 to 33.0 days in the soil samples, but glufosinate was stable in the five water samples, less than 22% of the applied substance degraded at the end of the experiment (100 days). Degradation in sterile soil was not enantioselective. The two enantiomers were configurationally stable in the four soil and five water samples. In most cases of glufosinate degradation in soils, the percentage of 3-methylphosphinicopropionic in relation to the parent was higher than that of N-acetyl-glufosinate. l-Glufosinate was preferentially degraded in the four soils, and formation of 3-methylphosphinicopropionic acid and N-acetyl-glufosinate was enantiomer dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifei Jia
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Xiaofang Long
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - ShiJia Ge
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Lingzhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering/Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
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18
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Rina YA, Schmidt JAR. Lanthanum-Catalyzed Regioselective Anti-Markovnikov Hydrophosphinylation of Styrenes. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yesmin Akter Rina
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street MS 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
| | - Joseph A. R. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street MS 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
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19
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Oliva Chávez AS, Herron MJ, Nelson CM, Felsheim RF, Oliver JD, Burkhardt NY, Kurtti TJ, Munderloh UG. Mutational analysis of gene function in the Anaplasmataceae: Challenges and perspectives. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 10:482-494. [PMID: 30466964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutational analysis is an efficient approach to identifying microbial gene function. Until recently, lack of an effective tool for Anaplasmataceae yielding reproducible results has created an obstacle to functional genomics, because surrogate systems, e.g., ectopic gene expression and analysis in E. coli, may not provide accurate answers. We chose to focus on a method for high-throughput generation of mutants via random mutagenesis as opposed to targeted gene inactivation. In our search for a suitable mutagenesis tool, we considered attributes of the Himar1 transposase system, i.e., random insertion into AT dinucleotide sites, which are abundant in Anaplasmataceae, and lack of requirement for specific host factors. We chose the Anaplasma marginale tr promoter, and the clinically irrelevant antibiotic spectinomycin for selection, and in addition successfully implemented non-antibiotic selection using an herbicide resistance gene. These constructs function reasonably well in Anaplasma phagocytophilum harvested from human promyelocyte HL-60 cells or Ixodes scapularis tick cells. We describe protocols developed in our laboratory, and discuss what likely makes them successful. What makes Anaplasmataceae electroporation competent is unknown and manipulating electroporation conditions has not improved mutational efficiency. A concerted effort is needed to resolve remaining problems that are inherent to the obligate intracellular bacteria. Finally, using this approach, we describe the discovery and characterization of a putative secreted effector necessary for Ap survival in HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela S Oliva Chávez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Michael J Herron
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Curtis M Nelson
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Jonathan D Oliver
- School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Timothy J Kurtti
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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20
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Resistance-gene-directed discovery of a natural-product herbicide with a new mode of action. Nature 2018; 559:415-418. [PMID: 29995859 PMCID: PMC6097235 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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In Silico-Based Repositioning of Phosphinothricin as a Novel Technetium-99m Imaging Probe with Potential Anti-Cancer Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020496. [PMID: 29473879 PMCID: PMC6017358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Phosphinothricin (glufosinate or 2-amino-4-((hydroxy(methyl) phosphinyl) butyric acid ammonium salt (AHPB)), which is a structural analog of glutamate, is a recognized herbicide that acts on weeds through inhibition of glutamine synthetase. Due to the structural similarity between phosphinothricin and some bisphosphonates (BPs), this study focuses on investigating the possibility of repurposing phosphinothricin as a bisphosphonate analogue, particularly in two medicine-related activities: image probing and as an anti-cancer drug. As BP is a competitive inhibitor of human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (HFPPS), in silico molecular docking and dynamic simulations studies were established to evaluate the binding and stability of phosphinothricin with HFPPS, while the results showed good binding and stability in the active site of the enzyme in relation to alendronate. For the purpose of inspecting bone-tissue accumulation of phosphinothricin, a technetium (99mTc)–phosphinothricin complex was developed and its stability and tissue distribution were scrutinized. The radioactive complex showed rapid, high and sustained uptake into bone tissues. Finally, the cytotoxic activity of phosphinothricin was tested against breast and lung cancer cells, with the results indicating cytotoxic activity in relation to alendronate. All the above results provide support for the use of phosphinothricin as a potential anti-cancer drug and of its technetium complex as an imaging probe.
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22
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Chen T, Zhao CQ, Han LB. Hydrophosphorylation of Alkynes Catalyzed by Palladium: Generality and Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3139-3155. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tieqiao Chen
- College
of Material and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Chang-Qiu Zhao
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Li-Biao Han
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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23
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Cha YS, Kim H, Lee Y, Choi EH, Kim HI, Kim OH, Cha KC, Lee KH, Hwang SO. The relationship between serum ammonia level and neurologic complications in patients with acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning: A prospective observational study. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:571-579. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327117715902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glufosinate ammonium poisoning can cause neurological complications even after a symptom-free period. We prospectively investigated the predictors of neurologic complications in acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning and the change of serum ammonia level as a predictor of patient’s presence and recovery of neurologic complication. This prospective observational study collected data from consecutive patients diagnosed with acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning between September 2014 and June 2016. Serum ammonia was serially measured. The patients were divided into two groups: the neurologic complication group and the nonneurologic complication group. We also defined 25 other insecticide- or herbicide-poisoned patients as controls. The neurologic complication group included 18 patients (72.0%). The latency period for neurologic complications was within 48-h postingestion. The peak ammonia level was statistically higher in the neurologic complication group than in the control group ( p < 0.001) and the nonneurologic complication groups ( p = 0.001). There was a statistical difference between the nonneurologic complication group and the neurologic complication group ( p = 0.0085) in terms of ingested amount. The peak ammonia was the only predictor for the development of neurologic complications (the optimal cutoff: 90 μg/dL). In patients with mental changes, the mean serum ammonia levels before and after recovery of the mental changes were statistically different ( p = 0.0019). In acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning, serial serum ammonia level measurements are needed and a serum peak ammonia level greater than 90 μg/dL is a predictor of neurologic complications. Also, it is important to treat the hyperammonemia in acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- YS Cha
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - H Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - EH Choi
- Biostatistician, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - HI Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - OH Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - K-C Cha
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - KH Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - SO Hwang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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24
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Freestone TS, Ju KS, Wang B, Zhao H. Discovery of a Phosphonoacetic Acid Derived Natural Product by Pathway Refactoring. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:217-223. [PMID: 28103011 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The activation of silent natural product gene clusters is a synthetic biology problem of great interest. As the rate at which gene clusters are identified outpaces the discovery rate of new molecules, this unknown chemical space is rapidly growing, as too are the rewards for developing technologies to exploit it. One class of natural products that has been underrepresented is phosphonic acids, which have important medical and agricultural uses. Hundreds of phosphonic acid biosynthetic gene clusters have been identified encoding for unknown molecules. Although methods exist to elicit secondary metabolite gene clusters in native hosts, they require the strain to be amenable to genetic manipulation. One method to circumvent this is pathway refactoring, which we implemented in an effort to discover new phosphonic acids from a gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. strain NRRL F-525. By reengineering this cluster for expression in the production host Streptomyces lividans, utility of refactoring is demonstrated with the isolation of a novel phosphonic acid, O-phosphonoacetic acid serine, and the characterization of its biosynthesis. In addition, a new biosynthetic branch point is identified with a phosphonoacetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which was used to identify additional phosphonic acid gene clusters that share phosphonoacetic acid as an intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd S. Freestone
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic
Biology, §Departments of Biochemistry, Bioengineering, and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kou-San Ju
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic
Biology, §Departments of Biochemistry, Bioengineering, and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic
Biology, §Departments of Biochemistry, Bioengineering, and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic
Biology, §Departments of Biochemistry, Bioengineering, and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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25
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Lee DK, Youk H, Kim H, Kim OH, Go J, Kim TH, Cha K, Lee KH, Hwang SO, Cha YS. Initial Serum Ammonia as a Predictor of Neurologic Complications in Patients with Acute Glufosinate Poisoning. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:254-9. [PMID: 26632409 PMCID: PMC4696962 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.1.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glufosinate poisoning can cause neurologic complications that may be difficult to treat due to delayed manifestation. Studies assessing possible predictors of complications are lacking. Although serum ammonia level is a potential predictor of severe neurotoxicity, it has only been assessed via case reports. Therefore, we investigated factors that predict neurologic complications in acute glufosinate-poisoned patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of 45 consecutive glufosinate-poisoning cases that were diagnosed in the emergency department (ED) of Wonju Severance Christian Hospital between May 2007 and July 2014. Patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of <8, seizure, and/or amnesia were defined to a neurologic complication group. RESULTS The neurologic complication group (29 patients, 64.4%) comprised patients with GCS<8 (27 patients, 60.0%), seizure (23 patients, 51.1%), and amnesia (5 patients, 11.1%). Non-neurologic complications included respiratory failure (14 patients, 31.1%), intubation and ventilator care (23 patients, 51.1%), shock (2 patients, 4.4%), pneumonia (16 patients, 35.6%), acute kidney injury (10 patients, 22.2%), and death (4 patients, 8.9%). Complications of GCS<8, seizure, respiratory failure, and intubation and ventilator care appeared during latent periods within 11 hrs, 34 hrs, 14 hrs, and 48 hrs, respectively. Initial serum ammonia was a predictor of neurologic complications [odds ratio 1.039, 95% confidence interval (1.001-1.078), p=0.046 and area under the curve 0.742]. CONCLUSION Neurologic complications developed in 64.4% of patients with acute glufosinate poisoning. The most common complication was GCS<8. Initial serum ammonia level, which can be readily assessed in the ED, was a predictor of neurologic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Keon Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hyun Youk
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Oh Hyun Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jin Go
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Busan Baik Hospital, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyoungchul Cha
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kang Hyun Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sung Oh Hwang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Yong Sung Cha
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea.
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Riebeling C, Fischer K, Luch A, Seiler AE. Classification of reproductive toxicants with diverse mechanisms in the embryonic stem cell test. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:809-15. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Riebeling
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Germany
| | - Kristin Fischer
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Germany
| | - Andrea E.M. Seiler
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Germany
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Rojano-Delgado AM, Priego-Capote F, Barro F, de Castro MDL, De Prado R. Liquid chromatography-diode array detection to study the metabolism of glufosinate in Triticum aestivum T-590 and influence of the genetic modification on its resistance. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 96:117-122. [PMID: 24189348 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The resistance to glufosinate of two lines-genetically modified (GM) and unmodified (T-590 and T-549, respectively)-of Triticum aestivum has been studied. In the GM line, the bar gene was introduced to increase the resistance to glufosinate. Experiments in a controlled growth chamber showed that line T-590 presented a high resistance to glufosinate with an ED50 value of 478.59 g active ingredient per hectare (g ai ha(-1)) versus 32.65 g ai ha(-1) for line T-549. The activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) in leaf extracts from both lines was investigated. The I50 for line T-590 was 694.10 μM glufosinate versus 55.46 μM for line T-549, with a resistance factor of 12.51. Metabolism studies showed a higher and faster penetration of glufosinate in line T-549 than in line T-590. LC-TOF/MS analysis of glufosinate metabolism at 48 h after herbicide treatment (300 g ai ha(-1)) revealed an 83.4% conversion of the herbicide (66.5% in N-acetyl-glufosinate metabolite), while in line T-549 conversion of the herbicide was about 40% (0% to N-acetyl-glufosinate). These results suggest that metabolism of glufosinate by the bar gene is a key mechanism of resistance in line T-590 that explains such high levels of herbicide tolerated by the plant, together with other mechanisms due to unmodified pathway, absorption and loss of glufosinate affinity for its target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia María Rojano-Delgado
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, C-3 Building, Campus of Rabanales, and Agroalimentary Excellence Campus, ceiA3, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Mayavan S, Subramanyam K, Arun M, Rajesh M, Kapil Dev G, Sivanandhan G, Jaganath B, Manickavasagam M, Selvaraj N, Ganapathi A. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated in planta seed transformation strategy in sugarcane. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1557-74. [PMID: 23749098 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, reproducible and genotype-independent in planta transformation has been standardized for sugarcane using seed as explant. Transgenic sugarcane production through Agrobacterium infection followed by in vitro regeneration is a time-consuming process and highly genotype dependent. To obtain more number of transformed sugarcane plants in a relatively short duration, sugarcane seeds were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA 105 harboring pCAMBIA 1304-bar and transformed plants were successfully established without undergoing in vitro regeneration. Various factors affecting sugarcane seed transformation were optimized, including pre-culture duration, acetosyringone concentration, surfactants, co-cultivation, sonication and vacuum infiltration duration. The transformed sugarcane plants were selected against BASTA(®) and screened by GUS and GFP visual assay, PCR and Southern hybridization. Among the different combinations and concentrations tested, when 12-h pre-cultured seeds were sonicated for 10 min and 3 min vacuum infiltered in 100 µM acetosyringone and 0.1 % Silwett L-77 containing Agrobacterium suspension and co-cultivated for 72-h showed highest transformation efficiency. The amenability of the standardized protocol was tested on five genotypes. It was found that all the tested genotypes responded favorably, though CoC671 proved to be the best responding cultivar with 45.4 % transformation efficiency. The developed protocol is cost-effective, efficient and genotype independent without involvement of any tissue culture procedure and can generate a relatively large number of transgenic plants in approximately 2 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Mayavan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Dragićević M, Platiša J, Nikolić R, Todorović S, Bogdanović M, Mitić N, Simonović A. Herbicide phosphinothricin causes direct stimulation hormesis. Dose Response 2012; 11:344-60. [PMID: 23983663 PMCID: PMC3748847 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.12-039.simonovic] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbicide phosphinothricin (PPT) inhibits glutamine synthetase (GS), a key enzyme in nitrogen assimilation, thus causing ammonia accumulation, glutamine depletion and eventually plant death. However, the growth response of Lotus corniculatus L. plants immersed in solutions with a broad range of PPT concentrations is biphasic, with pronounced stimulating effect on biomass production at concentrations ≤ 50 μM and growth inhibition at higher concentrations. The growth stimulation at low PPT concentrations is a result of activation of chloroplastic isoform GS2, while the growth suppression is caused by inhibition of both cytosolic GS1 and GS2 at higher PPT concentrations. Since the results are obtained in cell-free system (e.g. protein extracts), to which the principles of homeostasis are not applicable, this PPT effect is an unambiguous example of direct stimulation hormesis. A detailed molecular mechanism of concentration-dependent interaction of both PPT and a related GS inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine, with GS holoenzymes is proposed. The mechanism is in concurrence with all experimental and literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Dragićević
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Department for Plant Physiology, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Platiša
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Department for Plant Physiology, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radomirka Nikolić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Department for Plant Physiology, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slađana Todorović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Department for Plant Physiology, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Bogdanović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Department for Plant Physiology, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Mitić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Department for Plant Physiology, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Simonović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Department for Plant Physiology, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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A review of the environmental safety of the PAT protein. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOSAFETY RESEARCH 2012; 10:73-101. [PMID: 22781085 DOI: 10.1051/ebr/2012004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Werner WJ, Allen KD, Hu K, Helms GL, Chen BS, Wang SC. In vitro phosphinate methylation by PhpK from Kitasatospora phosalacinea. Biochemistry 2011; 50:8986-8. [PMID: 21950770 DOI: 10.1021/bi201220r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine, cobalamin-dependent methyltransferases have been proposed to catalyze the methylations of unreactive carbon or phosphorus atoms in antibiotic biosynthetic pathways. To date, none of these enzymes has been purified or shown to be active in vitro. Here we demonstrate the activity of the P-methyltransferase enzyme, PhpK, from the phosalacine producer Kitasatospora phosalacinea. PhpK catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methylcobalamin to 2-acetylamino-4-hydroxyphosphinylbutanoate (N-acetyldemethylphosphinothricin) to form 2-acetylamino-4-hydroxymethylphosphinylbutanoate (N-acetylphosphinothricin). This transformation gives rise to the only carbon-phosphorus-carbon linkage known to occur in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Williard J Werner
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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Hao C, Morse D, Morra F, Zhao X, Yang P, Nunn B. Direct aqueous determination of glyphosate and related compounds by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using reversed-phase and weak anion-exchange mixed-mode column. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5638-43. [PMID: 21752384 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate and its related compounds is quite challenging. Tedious and time-consuming derivatization is often required for these substances due to their high polarity, high water solubility, low volatility and molecular structure which lacks either a chromophore or fluorophore. A novel liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) method has been developed for the determination of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and glufosinate using a reversed-phase and weak anion-exchange mixed-mode Acclaim® WAX-1 column. Aqueous environmental samples are directly injected and analyzed in 12 min with no sample concentration or derivatization steps. Two multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) channels are monitored in the method for each target compound to achieve true positive identification, and ¹³C, ¹⁵N-glyphosate is used as an internal standard to carry out isotope dilution mass spectrometric (IDMS) measurement for glyphosate. The instrument detection limits (IDLs) for glyphosate, AMPA and glufosinate are 1, 2 and 0.9 μg/L, respectively. Linearity of the detector response with a minimum coefficient of determination (R² value (R² > 0.995) was demonstrated in the range of ∼10 to 10³ μg/L for each analytes. Spiked drinking water, surface water and groundwater samples were analyzed using this method and the average recoveries of analytes in three matrices ranged from 77.0 to 102%, 62.1 to 101%, 66.1 to 93.7% while relative standard deviation ranged from 6.3 to 10.2%, 2.7 to 14.8%, 2.9 to 10.7%, respectively. Factors that may affect method performance, such as metal ions, sample preservation, and storage time, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Hao
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario M9P3V6, Canada.
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Aris A, Leblanc S. Maternal and fetal exposure to pesticides associated to genetically modified foods in Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 31:528-33. [PMID: 21338670 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides associated to genetically modified foods (PAGMF), are engineered to tolerate herbicides such as glyphosate (GLYP) and gluphosinate (GLUF) or insecticides such as the bacterial toxin bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between maternal and fetal exposure, and to determine exposure levels of GLYP and its metabolite aminomethyl phosphoric acid (AMPA), GLUF and its metabolite 3-methylphosphinicopropionic acid (3-MPPA) and Cry1Ab protein (a Bt toxin) in Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada. Blood of thirty pregnant women (PW) and thirty-nine nonpregnant women (NPW) were studied. Serum GLYP and GLUF were detected in NPW and not detected in PW. Serum 3-MPPA and CryAb1 toxin were detected in PW, their fetuses and NPW. This is the first study to reveal the presence of circulating PAGMF in women with and without pregnancy, paving the way for a new field in reproductive toxicology including nutrition and utero-placental toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Aris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Sherbrooke Hospital Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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Fabian D, Bystriansky J, Burkuš J, Rehák P, Legáth J, Koppel J. The effect of herbicide BASTA 15 on the development of mouse preimplantation embryos in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rao SS, Mamadou L, McConnell M, Polisetty R, Kwanyuen P, Hildebrand D. Non-antibiotic selection systems for soybean somatic embryos: the lysine analog aminoethyl-cysteine as a selection agent. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:94. [PMID: 19922622 PMCID: PMC2787498 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In soybean somatic embryo transformation, the standard selection agent currently used is hygromycin. It may be preferable to avoid use of antibiotic resistance genes in foods. The objective of these experiments was to develop a selection system for producing transgenic soybean somatic embryos without the use of antibiotics such as hygromycin. RESULTS When tested against different alternate selection agents our studies show that 0.16 microg/mL glufosinate, 40 mg/L isopropylamine-glyphosate, 0.5 mg/mL (S-(2 aminoethyl)-L-cysteine) (AEC) and the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors Exceed and Synchrony both at 150 microg/mL inhibited soybean somatic embryo growth. Even at the concentration of 2 mg/mL, lysine+threonine (LT) were poor selection agents. The use of AEC may be preferable since it is a natural compound. Unlike the plant enzyme, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHPS) from E. coli is not feed-back inhibited by physiological concentrations of lysine. The dapA gene which codes for E. coli DHPS was expressed in soybean somatic embryos under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. Following introduction of the construct into embryogenic tissue of soybean, transgenic events were recovered by incubating the tissue in liquid medium containing AEC at a concentration of 5 mM. Only transgenic soybeans were able to grow at this concentration of AEC; no escapes were observed. CONCLUSION Genetically engineered soybeans expressing a lysine insensitive DHPS gene can be selected with the non-antibiotic selection agent AEC. We also report here the inhibitory effects of glufosinate, (isopropylamine-glyphosate) (Roundup), AEC and the ALS inhibitors Exceed and Synchrony against different tissues of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryadevara S Rao
- Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Lewamy Mamadou
- Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Matt McConnell
- Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | | | | | - David Hildebrand
- Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Vasogenic edema in striatum following ingestion of glufosinate-containing herbicide. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 16:1372-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Peterson JM. Herbicide resistance screening assay. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 526:137-146. [PMID: 19378008 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-494-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide resistance screening is a method that can be used not only to determine presence of the enzyme, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, encoded by either the Bar or the Pat gene in transgenic maize, but also to assess the inheritance ratio of those genes in a segregating population. Herbicide screening can also be used to study linkage of a transgene of interest that was cotransformed with the herbicide resistance marker gene. By combining the herbicide screen assay with a PCR-based screen of leaf tissue DNA for the presence of both the Bar or the Pat gene marker and a cotransformed transgene of interest from the same seedling tissue and maintaining that seedling identity, the researcher can identify linkage or the possible breakdown in linkage of the marker gene and the transgene of interest. Further, the occurrence of "DNA silencing" can be evaluated if an individual seedling that was susceptible to the applied herbicide nonetheless gave PCR data that indicated presence of the gene responsible for herbicide resistance. Similarly, "DNA silencing" of the gene of interest may be investigated if the seeds can be screened and scored for that phenotypic trait in a nondestructive manner prior to planting.
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Laitinen P, Siimes K, Eronen L, Rämö S, Welling L, Oinonen S, Mattsoff L, Ruohonen-Lehto M. Fate of the herbicides glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, phenmedipham, ethofumesate and metamitron in two Finnish arable soils. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2006; 62:473-91. [PMID: 16628542 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The fate of five herbicides (glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, phenmedipham, ethofumesate and metamitron) was studied in two Finnish sugar beet fields for 26 months. Soil types were sandy loam and clay. Two different herbicide-tolerant sugar beet cultivars and three different herbicide application schedules were used. Meteorological data were collected throughout the study and soil properties were thoroughly analysed. An extensive data set of herbicide residue concentrations in soil was collected. Five different soil depths were sampled. The study was carried out using common Finnish agricultural practices and represents typical sugar beet cultivation conditions in Finland. The overall observed order of persistence was ethofumesate > glyphosate > phenmedipham > metamitron > glufosinate-ammonium. Only ethofumesate and glyphosate persisted until the subsequent spring. Seasonal variation in herbicide dissipation was very high and dissipation ceased almost completely during winter. During the 2 year experiment no indication of potential groundwater pollution risk was obtained, but herbicides may cause surface water pollution.
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Siehl DL, Castle LA, Gorton R, Chen YH, Bertain S, Cho HJ, Keenan R, Liu D, Lassner MW. Evolution of a microbial acetyltransferase for modification of glyphosate: a novel tolerance strategy. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2005; 61:235-40. [PMID: 15668959 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetylation is a modification of glyphosate that could potentially be used in transgenic crops, given a suitable acetyltransferase. Weak enzymatic activity (k(cat) = 5 min(-1), K(M) = 1 mM) for N-acetylation of glyphosate was discovered in several strains of Bacillus licheniformis (Weigmann) Chester by screening a microbial collection with a mass spectrometric assay. The parental enzyme conferred no tolerance to glyphosate in any host when expressed as a transgene. Eleven iterations of DNA shuffling resulted in a 7000-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(M)), sufficient for conferring robust tolerance to field rates of glyphosate in transgenic tobacco and maize. In terms of k(cat)/K(M), the native enzyme exhibited weak activity (4-450% of that with glyphosate) with seven of the common amino acids. Evolution of the enzyme towards an improved k(cat)/K(M) for glyphosate resulted in increased activity toward aspartate (40-fold improved k(cat)), but activity with serine and phosphoserine almost completely vanished. No activity was observed among a broad sampling of nucleotides and antibiotics. Improved catalysis with glyphosate coincided with increased thermal stability.
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Müller BP, Zumdick A, Schuphan I, Schmidt B. Metabolism of the herbicide glufosinate-ammonium in plant cell cultures of transgenic (rhizomania-resistant) and non-transgenic sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris), carrot (Daucus carota), purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) and thorn apple (Datura stramonium). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2001; 57:46-56. [PMID: 11455632 DOI: 10.1002/1526-4998(200101)57:1<46::aid-ps256>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of the herbicide glufosinate-ammonium was investigated in heterotrophic cell suspension and callus cultures of transgenic (bar-gene) and non-transgenic sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris). Similar studies were performed with suspensions of carrot (Daucus carota), purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) and thorn apple (Datura stramonium). 14C-labelled chemicals were the (racemic) glufosinate, L-glufosinate, and D-glufosinate, as well as the metabolites N-acetyl L-glufosinate and 3-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)propionic acid (MPP). Cellular absorption was generally low, but depended noticeably on plant species, substance and enantiomer. Portions of non-extractable residues ranged from 0.1% to 1.2% of applied 14C. Amounts of soluble metabolites resulting from glufosinate or L-glufosinate were between 0.0% and 26.7% of absorbed 14C in non-transgenic cultures and 28.2% and 59.9% in transgenic sugarbeet. D-Glufosinate, MPP and N-acetyl L-glufosinate proved to be stable. The main metabolite in transgenic sugarbeet was N-acetyl L-glufosinate, besides traces of MPP and 4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid (MPB). In non-transgenic sugarbeet, glufosinate was transformed to a limited extent to MPP and trace amounts of MPB. In carrot, D stramonium and D purpurea, MPP was also the main product; MPB was identified as a further trace metabolite in D stramonium and D purpurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Müller
- Department of Biology V (Ecology/Ecotoxicology/Ecochemistry), Technical University of Aachen, Worringer Weg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Watanabe T. Apoptosis induced by glufosinate ammonium in the neuroepithelium of developing mouse embryos in culture. Neurosci Lett 1997; 222:17-20. [PMID: 9121712 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)13330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glufosinate ammonium structurally resembles glutamate and blocks glutamine synthetase. Glufosinate was recently found to be dysmorphogenic in mammals in vitro. The present study examined the cell death induced specifically by glufosinate in the neuroepithelium of mouse embryos. Electron micrograph revealed characteristic chromatin condensation and segregation, extracellular apoptotic bodies, and cell fragments phagocytosed in macrophages in the neuroepithelium of the brain vesicle and neural tube. Moreover neuroepithelial cells undergoing DNA fragmentation were histochemically identified. DNA gel electrophoresis of the neuroepithelial layer revealed a DNA ladder. These observations demonstrate that glufosinate specifically induced apoptosis in the neuroepithelium of embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Watanabe
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Japan.
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