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Nucleic acid vaccines: research tool or commercial reality

Polynucleotide immunization has captured the imagination of numerous researchers and commercial companies around the world as a novel approach for inducing immunity in animals. Clearly, the 'proof-of-principle' has been demonstrated both in rodents and various animal species. However, to date, no commercial veterinary vaccine has been developed, or to our knowledge, is in the licensing phase. The present review summarizes the types of pathogens and host species for which polynucleotide immunization has been tried. We have tried to identify possible barriers to commercialization of this technology and areas that need attention if this promising technology is ever to become a reality in the commercial arena.

Control of bovine viral diarrhea infection by use of vaccination

Vaccination with either inactivated or modified live virus vaccines is beneficial for control of BVD in cattle. The advantages and/or disadvantages of each type of vaccine often influence vaccine selection. The frequency of vaccination depends on the herd management system, regional prevalence of BVDV, and required duration of protection. Vaccines for BVD likely will change in content as knowledge of BVDV increases and as new technologies are adapted for vaccine production.