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Li YH, Liu M, Zhou C, Tan L. Delayed femoral artery injury caused by heterotopic ossification: a rare case report and review of the literature. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:485. [PMID: 38902664 PMCID: PMC11191293 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial injury caused by heterotopic ossification (HO) following fractures is rarely reported, yet it can have catastrophic consequences. This case report presents a unique instance of femoral artery injury and hematoma organization, occurring a decade after intramedullary nail fixation for a femoral shaft fracture complicated by HO. CASE PRESENTATION A 56-year-old male presented with right femoral artery injury and organized hematoma, a decade after suffering bilateral femoral shaft fractures with mild head injury in a traffic accident. He had received intramedullary nailing for the right femoral shaft fracture and plate fixation for the left side in a local hospital. Physical examination revealed two firm, palpable masses with clear boundaries, limited mobility, and no tenderness. Peripheral arterial pulses were intact. Radiography demonstrated satisfactory fracture healing, while a continuous high-density shadow was evident along the inner and posterior aspect of the right thigh. Computed tomography angiography identified a large mixed-density mass (16.8 × 14.8 × 20.7 cm) on the right thigh's medial side, featuring central calcification and multiple internal calcifications. The right deep femoral artery coursed within this mass, with a smaller lesion noted on the posterior thigh. Surgical consultation with a vascular surgeon led to planned intervention. The smaller mass was completely excised, but the larger one partially, as it encased the femoral artery. The inability to remove all HO was due to excessive bleeding. Postoperatively, the patient experienced no complications, and one-year follow-up revealed a favorable recovery with restoration of full right lower limb mobility. CONCLUSION This case underscores the potential gravity of vascular injury associated with heterotopic ossification. Surgeons should remain vigilant regarding the risk of vascular injury during HO excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology and Echocardiography, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Mingxi Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Chuanyang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
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Li S, Sun Y, Chen Y, Lu J, Jiang G, Yu K, Wu Y, Mao Y, Jin H, Luo J, Dong S, Hu B, Ding Y, Liu A, Shen Y, Feng G, Yan S, He Y, Yan R. Sandwich Biomimetic Scaffold Based Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cell Alignment in a 3D Microenvironment for Functional Tendon Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4652-4667. [PMID: 36698266 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tendon injuries are some of the most commonly diagnosed musculoskeletal diseases. Tendon regeneration is sensitive to the topology of the substitute as it affects the cellular microenvironment and homeostasis. To bionic in vivo three-dimensional (3D) aligned microenvironment, an ordered 3D sandwich model was used to investigate the cell response in the tendon. First, high-resolution 3D printing provided parallel-grooved topographical cues on the hydrogel surface. Then the cells were seeded on its surface to acquire a 2D model. Afterward, an additional hydrogel coating layer was applied to the cells to create the 3D model. The interaction between cells and order structures in three-dimensions is yet to be explored. The study found that the tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) still maintain their ordering growth in the 3D model as in the 2D model. The study also found that the 3D-aligned TSPCs exhibited enhanced tenogenic differentiation through the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and presented a less inflammatory phenotype than those in the 2D model. The in vivo implantation of such a 3D-aligned TSPC composite promoted tendon regeneration and mitigated heterotopic ossification in an Achilles defect model. These findings demonstrated that 3D-aligned TSPCs within a biomimetic topology environment are promising for functional tendon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yazhou Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jinwei Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Guangyao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Kang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yufei Mao
- Medical College of Tianjin University, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hao Jin
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Jikui Luo
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Shurong Dong
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Basic Medical College, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - An Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yu Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Shigui Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Ruijian Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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Shi F, Gao J, Zou J, Ying Y, Lin H. Targeting heterotopic ossification by inhibiting activin receptor‑like kinase 2 function (Review). Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2979-2989. [PMID: 31432174 PMCID: PMC6755183 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) refers to the appearance of osteoblasts in soft tissues under pathological conditions, such as trauma or infection. HO arises in an unpredictable way without any recognizable initiation. Activin receptor-like kinase-2 (ALK2) is a type I cell surface receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). The dysregulation of ALK2 signaling is associated with a variety of diseases, including cancer and HO. At present, the prevention and treatment of HO in the clinic predominantly includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), bisphosphonates and other drug treatments, low-dose local radiation therapy and surgical resection, rehabilitation treatment and physical therapy. However, most of these therapies have adverse effects. These methods do not prevent the occurrence of HO. The pathogenesis of HO is not being specifically targeted; the current treatment strategies target the symptoms, not the disease. These treatments also cannot solve the fundamental problem of the occurrence of HO. Therefore, scholars have been working to develop targeted therapies based on the pathogenesis of HO. The present review focuses on advances in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of HO, and possible options for the prevention and treatment of HO. In addition, the role of ALK2 in the process of HO is introduced and the progress made towards the targeted inhibition of ALK2 is discussed. The present study aims to offer a platform for further research on possible targets for the prevention and treatment of HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Shi
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Nanchang University Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jiayu Gao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Nanchang University Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Junrong Zou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Nanchang University Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ying Ying
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Nanchang University Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Hui Lin
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Nanchang University Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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de Vasconcellos JF, Zicari S, Fernicola SD, Griffin DW, Ji Y, Shin EH, Jones P, Christopherson GT, Bharmal H, Cirino C, Nguyen T, Robertson A, Pellegrini VD, Nesti LJ. In vivo model of human post-traumatic heterotopic ossification demonstrates early fibroproliferative signature. J Transl Med 2019; 17:248. [PMID: 31375141 PMCID: PMC6679453 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between the tissue injury healing response and development of heterotopic ossification (HO) is poorly understood. Here we compare a rat blast model and human traumatized muscle from a blast injury to study the early signatures of osteogenesis and fibrosis during the formation of HO. Methods Rat and human tissues were characterized using histology, scanning electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, as well as gene and protein expression analysis. Additionally, animals and humans were assessed radiographically for HO formation following injury. Results Markers of bone formation were dramatically increased in tissue samples from both humans and rats, and both displayed increased fibroproliferative regions within the injured tissues and elevated expression of markers of tissue fibrosis such as TGF-β1, Fibronectin, SMAD3 and PAI-1. Markers of inflammation and fibrosis (ACTA, TNFα, BMP1 and BMP3) were elevated at the RNA level in both rat and human samples. By day 42, bone formation in the rat blast model appeared similar in radiographs compared to human patients who progressed to develop post-traumatic HO. Conclusions Our data demonstrates that a similar early fibrotic response is evident in both the rat blast model and the human tissues following a traumatic injury and demonstrates the relevance of this animal model for future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaira F de Vasconcellos
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center & Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 4801 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Sonia Zicari
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center & Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 4801 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Stephen D Fernicola
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center & Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 4801 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - Daniel W Griffin
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center & Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 4801 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - Youngmi Ji
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center & Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 4801 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - Emily H Shin
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center & Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 4801 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - Patrick Jones
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center & Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 4801 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - Gregory T Christopherson
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center & Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 4801 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - Husain Bharmal
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center & Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 4801 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - Carl Cirino
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center & Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 4801 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22 S. Green St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Astor Robertson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22 S. Green St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Vincent D Pellegrini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Leon J Nesti
- Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center & Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 4801 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Room A3008C, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8022, USA.
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Robertson AD, Chiaramonti AM, Nguyen TP, Jaffe DE, Holmes RE, Hanna EL, Rhee JG, Barfield WR, Fourney WB, Stains JP, Pellegrini VD. Failure of Indomethacin and Radiation to Prevent Blast-induced Heterotopic Ossification in a Sprague-Dawley Rat Model. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2019; 477:644-654. [PMID: 30601320 PMCID: PMC6382204 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and low-dose irradiation has demonstrated efficacy in preventing heterotopic ossification (HO) after THA and surgical treatment of acetabular fractures, these modalities have not been assessed after traumatic blast amputations where HO is a common complication that can arise in the residual limb. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of indomethacin and irradiation in preventing HO induced by high-energy blast trauma in a rat model. METHODS Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats underwent hind limb blast amputation with a submerged explosive under water followed by irrigation and primary wound closure. One group (n = 12) received oral indomethacin for 10 days starting on postoperative Day 1. Another group (n = 12) received a single dose of 8 Gy irradiation to the residual limb on postoperative Day 3. A control group (n = 12) did not receive either. Wound healing and clinical course were monitored in all animals until euthanasia at 24 weeks. Serial radiographs were taken immediately postoperatively, at 10 days, and every 4 weeks thereafter to monitor the time course of ectopic bone formation until euthanasia. Five independent graders evaluated the 24-week radiographs to quantitatively assess severity and qualitatively assess the pattern of HO using a modified Potter scale from 0 to 3. Assessment of grading reproducibility yielded a Fleiss statistic of 0.41 and 0.37 for severity and type, respectively. By extrapolation from human clinical trials, a minimum clinically important difference in HO severity was empirically determined to be two full grades or progression of absolute grade to the most severe. RESULTS We found no differences in mean HO severity scores among the three study groups (indomethacin 0.90 ± 0.46 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.60-1.19]; radiation 1.34 ± 0.59 [95% CI, 0.95-1.74]; control 0.95 ± 0.55 [95% CI, 0.60-1.30]; p = 0.100). For qualitative HO type scores, the radiation group had a higher HO type than both indomethacin and controls, but indomethacin was no different than controls (indomethacin 1.08 ± 0.66 [95% CI, 0.67-1.50]; radiation 1.89 ± 0.76 [95% CI, 1.38-2.40]; control 1.10 ± 0.62 [95% CI, 0.70-1.50]; p = 0.013). The lower bound of the 95% CI on mean severity in the indomethacin group and the upper bound of the radiation group barely spanned a full grade and involved only numeric grades < 2, suggesting that even if a small difference in severity could be detected, it would be less than our a priori-defined minimum clinically important difference and any differences that might be present are unlikely to be clinically meaningful. CONCLUSIONS This work unexpectedly demonstrated that, compared with controls, indomethacin and irradiation provide no effective prophylaxis against HO in the residual limb after high-energy blast amputation in a rat model. Such an observation is contrary to the civilian experience and may be potentially explained by either a different pathogenesis for blast-induced HO or a stimulus that overwhelms conventional regimens used to prevent HO in the civilian population. CLINICAL RELEVANCE HO in the residual limb after high-energy traumatic blast amputation will likely require novel approaches for prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astor D Robertson
- A. D. Robertson, T. P. Nguyen, D. E. Jaffe, J. P. Stains, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA A. M. Chiaramonti, R. E. Holmes, E. L. Hanna, W. R. Barfield, V. D. Pellegrini, Department of Orthopaedics and Physical Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA J. G. Rhee, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA W. B. Fourney, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Immunological and morphological analysis of heterotopic ossification differs to healthy controls. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2018; 19:327. [PMID: 30205831 PMCID: PMC6134767 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-018-2246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Formation of lamellar bone in non-osseus tissue is a pathological process called heterotopic ossification. It is the aim of this study to analyse the morphology and immunological status of patients with heterotopic ossification compared to individual healthy persons. Methods Human bone marrow and blood samples were obtained from 6 systemically healthy individuals and 4 patients during resection of heterotopic ossification from bone at hip arthroplasty. Bone was fragmented and treated with purified collagenase. Immunofluorescence surface staining was performed and analyzed with flow cytometry. Microcomputed tomography scanning was done performed at a resolution of 11 and 35 μm isometric voxel size respectively using a two different cone beam X-computer tomography systems and a microfocus X-ray tube. Subsequently the volume data was morphometrically analysed. Results The monocytes, stem cells, stroma cells and granulocytes progenitor cells were strongly reduced in the heterotopic ossification patient. Additionally a significant reduction of stromal stem cells cells and CD34 positive stem cells was observed. The frequency of NK-cells, B cells and T cells were not altered in the patients with heterotopic ossification compared to a healthy person. Micromorphometric parameters showed a lower content of mineralized bone tissue compared to normal bone. Mean trabecular thickness showed a high standard deviation, indicating a high variation in trabecular thickness, anisotropy and reducing bone strength. Conclusions This work shows altered immunological distribution that is accompanied by a low decrease in bone volume fraction and tissue mineral density in the heterotopic ossification sample compared to normal bone. Compared to healthy subjects, this might reflect an immunological participation in the development of this entity.
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Incidence of heterotopic ossification in minimally invasive short-stem THA using the modified anterolateral approach. Hip Int 2017; 27:162-168. [PMID: 28218370 DOI: 10.5301/hipint.5000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heterotopic ossification (HO) is known to be a common complication after total hip arthroplasty (THA). The minimal invasive (MIS) modified anterolateral approach has become popular in combination with a short stem. We analysed the incidence of HO following short-stem THA using this approach in combination with a postoperative administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). MATERIALS AND METHODS 216 short stems were implanted in 162 patients. NSAIDs were administered for 2 weeks after surgery in 154 patients (95.1%). Standardised pre- and postoperative radiographic imaging was done at 2-year follow-up. HO was analysed according to the Brooker classification. Influence of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and blood transfusion were analysed. Harris Hip Score (HHS) and visual analogue scale (VAS) of satisfaction were assessed. Operation time and blood-transfusion rate was documented. Short-term gastrointestinal side effects were recorded. RESULTS The overall incidence of HO was 7.8% (16 cases). HO Brooker type 3 and 4 occurred in only 1 case (0.5%). No correlation with age, gender or BMI was revealed. HHS improved largely from 45.8 (SD 15.9) before surgery to 98.1 (SD 4.7) after a minimum of 2 years. At that point VAS satisfaction was 9.7 (SD 0.9). Mean operative time was 45.8 minutes (SD 18.7). 12 patients (7.4%) received at least 1 blood-transfusion. Gastrointestinal side effects occurred in 13 of 154 patients (8.4%). CONCLUSIONS The combination of short-stem THA, the MIS modified anterolateral approach and a postoperative application of NSAIDs resulted in the effective prevention of HO and excellent clinical results.
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Olmsted-Davis EA, Salisbury EA, Hoang D, Davis EL, Lazard Z, Sonnet C, Davis TA, Forsberg JA, Davis AR. Progenitors in Peripheral Nerves Launch Heterotopic Ossification. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1109-1119. [PMID: 28198109 PMCID: PMC5442844 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies presented here, using a murine model of bone morphogenetic protein type 2 (BMP2)-induced heterotopic ossification (HO) show that the protein initiates HO by signaling through progenitors in the endoneurium of peripheral nerves. In the mouse, these cells were identified in the endoneurium one day after BMP2 induction using antibody against phosphoSMAD (PS) 1, 5, and 8. Studies conducted in a tracking mouse that contains a tamoxifen-regulated Wnt1-Cre recombinase crossed with a td Tomato red (TR) reporter (Wnt1CreErt :Ai9Tm) confirmed their neural origin. In this model both BMP2 induction and tamoxifen are absolutely required to induce TR. SP7+ (osterix+ )TR+ cells were found in the endoneurium on day 1 and associated with bone on day 7. Quantification of TR+ and TR- cells isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting showed that all SP7+ cells were found in the TR+ population, whereas only about 80% of the TR+ cells expressed SP7. Pre-chondrocytes (Sox 9+ ) and transient brown fat (tBAT, UCP1+ ) also coexpressed TR, suggesting that the progenitor in nerves is multi-potential. The endoneurium of human nerves near the site of HO contained many PS+ cells, and SP7+ cells were found in nerves and on bone in tissue from patients with HO. Control tissues and nerves did not contain these PS+ and SP7+ cells. Some osteoblasts on bone from patients with HO were positive for PS, suggesting the continued presence of BMP during bone formation. The data suggests that the progenitors for HO are derived from the endoneurium in both the mouse model of HO and in humans with HO. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1109-1119.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Olmsted-Davis
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy.,Departments of Pediatrics and Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas A Davis
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences & the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Regenerative Medicine Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan A Forsberg
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences & the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Regenerative Medicine Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan R Davis
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy.,Departments of Pediatrics and Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Rai MF, Schmidt EJ, Hashimoto S, Cheverud JM, Sandell LJ. Genetic loci that regulate ectopic calcification in response to knee trauma in LG/J by SM/J advanced intercross mice. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1412-23. [PMID: 25989359 PMCID: PMC5025301 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on genetic susceptibility to ectopic calcification in the LG/J and SM/J advanced intercross mice. Using 347 mice in 98 full-sibships, destabilization of medial meniscus (DMM) was performed to induce joint injury. We found that joint destabilization instigated ectopic calcifications as detected and quantified by micro-CT. We performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis to map ectopic calcification phenotypes to discrete genomic locations. To validate the functional significance of the selected QTL candidate genes, we compared mRNA expression between parental LG/J and SM/J inbred strains. Overall, we detected 20 QTLs affecting synovial and meniscus calcification phenotypes with 11 QTLs linked to synovial calcification. Functional and bioinformatic analyses of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identified functional classifications relevant to angiogenesis (Myo1e, Kif26b, Nprl3, Stab2, Fam105b), bone metabolism/calcification (Tle3, Tgfb2, Lipc, Nfe2l1, Ank, Fam105b), arthritis (Stab2, Tbx21, Map4k4, Hoxb9, Larp6, Col1a2, Adam10, Timp3, Nfe2l1, Trpm3), and ankylosing-spondylitis (Ank, Pon1, Il1r2, Tbkbp1) indicating that ectopic calcification involves multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, the expression of 11 out of 78 candidate genes was significantly different between LG/J and SM/J. Correlation analysis showed that Aff3, Fam81a, Syn3, and Ank were correlated with synovial calcification. Taken together, our findings of multiple genetic loci suggest the involvement of multiple genes contributing to ectopic calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq Rai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 425 S. Euclid Avenue MS 8233, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eric J. Schmidt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 425 S. Euclid Avenue MS 8233, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 425 S. Euclid Avenue MS 8233, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James M. Cheverud
- Department of Biology, Loyola University, 1050 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Linda J. Sandell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 425 S. Euclid Avenue MS 8233, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 425 S. Euclid Avenue MS 8233, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 425 S. Euclid Avenue MS 8233, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Soft tissue ossification and condylar cartilage degeneration following TMJ disc perforation in a rabbit pilot study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:629-39. [PMID: 25573797 PMCID: PMC4368469 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are limited clinical treatments for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathologies, including degenerative disease, disc perforation and heterotopic ossification (HO). One barrier hindering the development of new therapies is that animal models recapitulating TMJ diseases are poorly established. The objective of this study was to develop an animal model for TMJ cartilage degeneration and disc pathology, including disc perforation and soft tissue HO. METHODS New Zealand white rabbits (n = 9 rabbits) underwent unilateral TMJ disc perforation surgery and sham surgery on the contralateral side. A 2.5 mm defect was created using a punch biopsy in rabbit TMJ disc. The TMJ condyles and discs were evaluated macroscopically and histologically after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Condyles were blindly scored by four independent observers using OARSI recommendations for macroscopic and histopathological scoring of osteoarthritis (OA) in rabbit tissues. RESULTS Histological evidence of TMJ condylar cartilage degeneration was apparent in experimental condyles following disc perforation relative to sham controls after 4 and 8 weeks, including surface fissures and loss of Safranin O staining. At 12 weeks, OARSI scores indicated experimental condylar cartilage erosion into the subchondral bone. Most strikingly, HO occurred within the TMJ disc upon perforation injury in six rabbits after 8 and 12 weeks. CONCLUSION We report for the first time a rabbit TMJ injury model that demonstrates condylar cartilage degeneration and disc ossification, which is indispensible for testing the efficacy of potential TMJ therapies.
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Downey J, Lauzier D, Kloen P, Klarskov K, Richter M, Hamdy R, Faucheux N, Scimè A, Balg F, Grenier G. Prospective heterotopic ossification progenitors in adult human skeletal muscle. Bone 2015; 71:164-70. [PMID: 25445454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has strong regenerative capabilities. However, failed regeneration can lead to complications where aberrant tissue forms as is the case with heterotopic ossification (HO), in which chondrocytes, osteoblasts and white and brown adipocytes can arise following severe trauma. In humans, the various HO cell types likely originate from multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in skeletal muscle, which have not been identified in humans until now. In the present study, adherent cells from freshly digested skeletal muscle tissue were expanded in defined culture medium and were FACS-enriched for the CD73(+)CD105(+)CD90(-) population, which displayed robust multilineage potential. Clonal differentiation assays confirmed that all three lineages originated from a single multipotent progenitor. In addition to differentiating into typical HO lineages, human muscle resident MSCs (hmrMSCs) also differentiated into brown adipocytes expressing uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Characterizing this novel multipotent hmrMSC population with a brown adipocyte differentiation capacity has enhanced our understanding of the contribution of non-myogenic progenitor cells to regeneration and aberrant tissue formation in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Downey
- CHUS Clinical Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Peter Kloen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Klarskov
- CHUS Clinical Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Richter
- CHUS Clinical Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Reggie Hamdy
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery Division, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Faucheux
- CHUS Clinical Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Anthony Scimè
- Stem Cell Research Group, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frédéric Balg
- CHUS Clinical Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Grenier
- CHUS Clinical Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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12
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Woodard GE, Ji Y, Christopherson GT, Wolcott KM, Hall DJ, Jackson WM, Nesti LJ. Characterization of discrete subpopulations of progenitor cells in traumatic human extremity wounds. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114318. [PMID: 25490403 PMCID: PMC4260839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we show that distinct subpopulations of cells exist within traumatic human extremity wounds, each having the ability to differentiate into multiple cells types in vitro. A crude cell suspension derived from traumatized muscle was positively sorted for CD29, CD31, CD34, CD56 or CD91. The cell suspension was also simultaneously negatively sorted for either CD45 or CD117 to exclude hematopoietic stem cells. These subpopulations varied in terms their total numbers and their abilities to grow, migrate, differentiate and secrete cytokines. While all five subpopulations demonstrated equal abilities to undergo osteogenesis, they were distinct in their ability to undergo adipogenesis and vascular endotheliogenesis. The most abundant subpopulations were CD29+ and CD34+, which overlapped significantly. The CD29+ and CD34+ cells had the greatest proliferative and migratory capacity while the CD56+ subpopulation produced the highest amounts of TGFß1 and TGFß2. When cultured under endothelial differentiation conditions the CD29+ and CD34+ cells expressed VE-cadherin, Tie2 and CD31, all markers of endothelial cells. These data indicate that while there are multiple cell types within traumatized muscle that have osteogenic differentiation capacity and may contribute to bone formation in post-traumatic heterotopic ossification (HO), the major contributory cell types are CD29+ and CD34+, which demonstrate endothelial progenitor cell characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey E. Woodard
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GEW); (LJN)
| | - Youngmi Ji
- Clinical and Experimental Orthopaedics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Gregory T. Christopherson
- Clinical and Experimental Orthopaedics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Karen M. Wolcott
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Nation Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - David J. Hall
- Clinical and Experimental Orthopaedics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Wesley M. Jackson
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Leon J. Nesti
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Clinical and Experimental Orthopaedics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GEW); (LJN)
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the pro-osteogenic effect of burn injury on heterotopic bone formation using a novel burn ossicle in vivo model. BACKGROUND Heterotopic ossification (HO), or the abnormal formation of bone in soft tissue, is a troubling sequela of burn and trauma injuries. The exact mechanism by which burn injury influences bone formation is unknown. The aim of this study was to develop a mouse model to study the effect of burn injury on heterotopic bone formation. We hypothesized that burn injury would enhance early vascularization and subsequent bone formation of subcutaneously implanted mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS Mouse adipose-derived stem cells were harvested from C57/BL6 mice, transfected with a BMP-2 adenovirus, seeded on collagen scaffolds (ossicles), and implanted subcutaneously in the flank region of 8 adult mice. Burn and sham groups were created with exposure of 30% surface area on the dorsum to 60°C water or 30°C water for 18 seconds, respectively (n = 4/group). Heterotopic bone volume was analyzed in vivo by micro-computed tomography for 3 months. Histological analysis of vasculogenesis was performed with platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule staining. Osteogenic histological analysis was performed by Safranin O, Picrosirius red, and aniline blue staining. Qualitative analysis of heterotopic bone composition was completed with ex vivo Raman spectroscopy. RESULTS Subcutaneously implanted ossicles formed heterotopic bone. Ossicles from mice with burn injuries developed significantly more bone than sham control mice, analyzed by micro-computed tomography at 1, 2, and 3 months (P < 0.05), and had enhanced early and late endochondral ossification as demonstrated by Safranin O, Picrosirius red, and aniline blue staining. In addition, burn injury enhanced vascularization of the ossicles (P < 0.05). All ossicles demonstrated chemical composition characteristic of bone as demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy. CONCLUSIONS Burn injury increases the predilection to osteogenic differentiation of ectopically implanted ossicles. Early differences in vascularity correlated with later bone development. Understanding the role of burn injury on heterotopic bone formation is an important first step toward the development of treatment strategies aimed to prevent unwanted and detrimental heterotopic bone formation.
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Intermuscular Heterotopic Ossification in the Shoulder Region Associated with a Hopping-type Forelimb Lameness. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Liu X, Kang H, Shahnazari M, Kim H, Wang L, Larm O, Adolfsson L, Nissenson R, Halloran B. A novel mouse model of trauma induced heterotopic ossification. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:183-8. [PMID: 24136593 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe soft tissue trauma is associated with heterotopic ossification (HO), the abnormal deposition of bone at extra-skeletal sites. The pathophysiology of the development of trauma-induced HO remains largely unknown due in part to the lack of appropriate animal models. In this study, we sought to develop a new trauma-induced HO mouse model using muscle impact injury combined with low dose BMP-2. BMP-2 at doses ranging from 0 to 2 µg was injected into quadriceps muscles of adult male C57/BL6 mice. Animals then received a one-time quadriceps impaction injury to mimic the trauma associated with severe injuries. HO was monitored using in vivo microCT scanning at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after treatment. After trauma, the expression of BMP-2, -4, BMP receptor 1, SOX9 and RUNX2 were increased in muscle. Although little or no HO was observed in mice receiving 1 µg BMP-2, combining this dose with muscle trauma produced an abundance of HO. At higher doses of BMP-2, trauma did not augment mineral deposition. These results suggest that BMP-2 signaling can sensitize muscle to trauma-induced HO. They also provide the basis for a new model to study the pathogenesis of trauma-induced HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Liu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94404; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 500 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143
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Heterotopic bone formation about the hip undergoes endochondral ossification: a rabbit model. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2013; 471:1584-92. [PMID: 23361932 PMCID: PMC3613540 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-013-2801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterotopic ossification (HO) occurs most commonly after trauma and surgery about the hip and may compromise subsequent function. Currently available animal models describing the cellular progression of HO are based on exogenous osteogenic induction agents and may not reflect the processes following trauma. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We therefore sought to characterize the histologic progression of heterotopic bone formation in an animal model that recapitulates the human condition without the addition of exogenous osteogenic material. METHODS We used a rabbit model that included intramedullary instrumentation of the upper femur and ischemic crush injury of the gluteal muscle. Bilateral surgical induction procedures were performed on 30 animals with the intention of inciting the process of HO; no supplemental osteogenic stimulants were used. Three animals were sacrificed at each of 10 predetermined times between 1 day and 26 weeks postoperatively and the progression of tissue maturation was graded histologically using a five-item scale. RESULTS Heterotopic bone reliably formed de novo and consistently followed a pathway of endochondral ossification. Chondroid elements were found in juxtaposition with immature woven bone in all sections that contained mature osseous elements. CONCLUSIONS These results establish that HO occurs in an animal model mimicking the human condition following surgical trauma about the hip; it is predictable in its histologic progression and follows a pathway of endochondral bone formation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE By showing a consistent pathway of endochondral ossification leading to ectopic bone formation, this study provides a basis for understanding the mechanisms by which HO might be mitigated by interventions.
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Insights into posttraumatic heterotopic ossification in extremity war injuries. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0b013e31828780c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
There are many similarities between health issues affecting military and civilian patient populations, with the exception of the relatively small but vital segment of active soldiers who experience high-energy blast injuries during combat. A rising incidence of major injuries from explosive devices in recent campaigns has further complicated treatment and recovery, highlighting the need for tissue regenerative options and intensifying interest in the possible role of stem cells for military medicine. In this review we outline the array of tissue-specific injuries typically seen in modern combat - as well as address a few complications unique to soldiers - and discuss the state of current stem cell research in addressing each area. Embryonic, induced-pluripotent and adult stem cell sources are defined, along with advantages and disadvantages unique to each cell type. More detailed stem cell sources are described in the context of each tissue of interest, including neural, cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal and sensory tissues, with brief discussion of their potential role in regenerative medicine moving forward. Additional commentary is given to military stem cell applications aside from regenerative medicine, such as blood pharming, immunomodulation and drug screening, with an overview of stem cell banking and the unique opportunity provided by the military and civilian overlap of stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Christopherson
- The National Institutes of Health, The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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