Dynamic Fuzziness During Linker Histone Action

Modulation of chromatin function through linker histone H1 variants

In this review, the structural aspects of linker H1 histones are presented as a background for characterization of the factors influencing their function in animal and human chromatin. The action of H1 histone variants is largely determined by dynamic alterations of their intrinsically disordered tail domains, posttranslational modifications and allelic diversification. The interdependent effects of these factors can establish dynamic histone H1 states that may affect the organization and function of chromatin regions.

Nuclear and nucleolar activity of linker histone variant H1.0

Histone H1.0 belongs to the class of linker histones (H1), although it is substantially distinct from other histone H1 family members. The differences can be observed in the chromosomal location and organization of the histone H1.0 encoding gene, as well as in the length and composition of its amino acid chain. Whereas somatic (H1.1-H1.5) histone H1 variants are synthesized in the cell cycle S-phase, histone H1.0 is synthesized throughout the cell cycle. By replacing somatic H1 variants during cell maturation, histone H1.0 is gradually deposited in low dividing cells and achieves the highest level of expression in the terminally differentiated cells. Compared to other differentiation-specific H1 histone (H5) characteristic for unique tissue and organisms, the distribution of histone H1.0 remains non-specific. Classic investigations emphasize that histone H1.0 is engaged in the organization of nuclear chromatin accounting for formation and maintenance of its nucleosomal and higher-order structure, and thus influences gene expression. However, the recent data confirmed histone H1.0 peculiar localization in the nucleolus and unexpectedly revealed its potential for regulation of nucleolar, RNA-dependent, activity via interaction with other proteins. According to such findings, histone H1.0 participates in the formation of gene-coded information through its control at both transcriptional and translational levels. In order to reappraise the biological significance of histone H1.0, both aspects of its activity are presented in this review.

Histone H3 and H4 N-terminal tails in nucleosome arrays at cellular concentrations probed by magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy

Chromatin is a supramolecular assembly of DNA and histone proteins, organized into nucleosome repeat units. The dynamics of chromatin organization regulates DNA accessibility to eukaryotic transcription and DNA repair complexes. Yet, the structural and dynamic properties of chromatin at high concentrations characteristic of the cellular environment (>∼200 mg/mL) are largely unexplored at the molecular level. Here, we apply MAS NMR to directly probe the dynamic histone protein regions in (13)C,(15)N-enriched recombinant nucleosome arrays at cellular chromatin concentrations and conditions designed to emulate distinct states of DNA condensation, with focus on the flexible H3 and H4 N-terminal tails which mediate chromatin compaction. 2D (1)H-(13)C and (1)H-(15)N spectra reveal numerous correlations for H3 and H4 backbone and side-chain atoms, enabling identification of specific residues making up the dynamically disordered N-terminal tail domains. Remarkably, we find that both the H3 and H4 N-terminal tails are overall dynamic even in a highly condensed state. This significant conformational flexibility of the histone tails suggests that they remain available for protein binding in compact chromatin states to enable regulation of heterochromatin. Furthermore, our study provides a foundation for quantitative structural and dynamic investigations of chromatin at physiological concentrations.