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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell-signaling proteins with diverse functions in cell development, repair, and metabolism. The human FGF family consists of 22 structurally related members, which can be classified into three separate groups based on their action of mechanisms, namely: intracrine, paracrine/autocrine, and endocrine FGF subfamilies. FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 belong to the hormone-like/endocrine FGF subfamily. These endocrine FGFs are mainly associated with the regulation of cell metabolic activities such as homeostasis of lipids, glucose, energy, bile acids, and minerals (phosphate/active vitamin D). Endocrine FGFs function through a unique protein family called klotho. Two members of this family, Ξ±-klotho, or Ξ²-klotho, act as main cofactors which can scaffold to tether FGF19/21/23 to their receptor(s) (FGFRs) to form an active complex. There are ongoing studies pertaining to the structure and mechanism of these individual ternary complexes. These studies aim to provide potential insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles and therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the history, structureβfunction relationship(s), downstream signaling, physiological roles, and future perspectives on endocrine FGFs.
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Peng M, Zheng Q, Liu P, Liang X, Zhang M, Wang Y, Zhao Y. Developments in the study of gastrointestinal microbiome disorders affected by FGF19 in the occurrence and development of colorectal neoplasms. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4060-4069. [PMID: 31637718 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal neoplasms are a type of malignant digestive system tumor that has become the third-highest morbidity tumor in China and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The role of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome in bile acid metabolism, inflammation, and insulin resistance and its strong correlation with the occurrence and development of colorectal neoplasms have gradually led to it becoming a target area of tumor research. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 is a hormone that is secreted in mainly the ileum and can regulate bile acid biosynthesis, improve inflammation, and regulate insulin resistance. The relationship of the GI microbiome, FGF19 and its carcinogenic activities in colorectal neoplasms enticed us to search for potential targets and research ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of colorectal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichang Peng
- Basic Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.,Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiaowen Zheng
- Basic Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiqi Liu
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyun Liang
- Basic Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Basic Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Basic Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Basic Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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Min X, Weiszmann J, Johnstone S, Wang W, Yu X, Romanow W, Thibault S, Li Y, Wang Z. Agonistic Ξ²-Klotho antibody mimics fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) functions. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14678-14688. [PMID: 30068552 PMCID: PMC6153294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), an endocrine hormone in the FGF family, plays a critical role in regulating metabolic homeostasis and has emerged as a therapeutic target for metabolic diseases, including Type 2 diabetes mellitus. FGF21 functions through a receptor complex that consists of an FGF receptor (FGFR) and a co-receptor Ξ²-Klotho. Here, we identify and biochemically and structurally characterize 39F7, a high-affinity agonistic monoclonal antibody (mAb) against Ξ²-Klotho that mimics FGF21 function. The co-crystal structure of Ξ²-Klotho KL1 domain in complex with 39F7 Fab revealed that the recognition of 39F7 is centered on Trp-295 of Ξ²-Klotho in a FGF21 noncompetitive manner. KL1 adopts a (Ξ²/Ξ±)8 TIM barrel fold which resembles that of Ξ²-glycosylceramidase, but lacks molecular features for enzymatic activity, suggesting that KL1 functions as a scaffold protein instead. In vitro characterization demonstrated that, although 39F7 does not compete with FGF21, it is specific for Ξ²-Klotho/FGFR1c activation. Furthermore, the agonistic activity of 39F7 required the full IgG molecule to be bivalent, suggesting that 39F7 functions by promoting receptor/co-receptor dimerization. Supported by negative stain EM analysis of full-length Ξ²-Klotho, we propose a molecular model wherein the agonistic antibody 39F7 acts in a Ξ²-Klotho- and FGFR1c-dependent manner, mimicking FGF21 activity. More importantly, 39F7 offers promising therapeutic potential in the axis of FGF21 signaling as an antibody therapy alternative to FGF21 analogs for treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Min
- From the Department of Therapeutic Discovery and
| | - Jennifer Weiszmann
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | | | - Wei Wang
- From the Department of Therapeutic Discovery and
| | - Xinchao Yu
- From the Department of Therapeutic Discovery and
| | | | | | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Zhulun Wang
- From the Department of Therapeutic Discovery and
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Cui G, Martin RC, Jin H, Liu X, Pandit H, Zhao H, Cai L, Zhang P, Li W, Li Y. Up-regulation of FGF15/19 signaling promotes hepatocellular carcinoma in the background of fatty liver. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:136. [PMID: 29973237 PMCID: PMC6031179 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Upregulated fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients are at high risk for malignant transformation into HCC. Methods A steatohepatitis-HCC model was established in male C57L/J mice treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and high-fat diet (HFD). A mouse HCC cell line (Hepa1β6) and a mouse hepatocyte line (FL83B) were used to elucidate the mechanism by free fatty acids (FFA) treatment. FGF15, the mouse orthologue of FGF19, and it receptor fibroblast growth factor receptor4 (FGFR4) as well as co-receptor Ξ²-klotho were studied. FGF19 signaling was also studied in human samples of HCC with steatohepatitis. Results HCC incidence and tumor volume were significantly increased in the DEN+HFD group compared to that in the DEN+control diet (CD) group. Increased levels of FGF15/FGFR4/Ξ²-klotho, aberrant epithelialβmesenchymal transition (EMT) and Wnt/Ξ²-catenin signaling were detected in DEN+HFD mice. Blockage of the FGF15 signal can attenuate cell migration ability and aberrant EMT and Wnt/Ξ²-catenin signaling. Conclusions Up-regulated FGF15/FGFR4 signaling promoted the development of HCC by activation of EMT and Wnt/Ξ²-catenin signaling in the lipid metabolic disorder microenvironment. Further investigation of FGF19/FGFR4 signaling is important for potential early diagnosis and therapeutic targeting in HCC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0781-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Cui
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Robert C Martin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 S Floyd ST MDR Bldg Rm326A, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Hang Jin
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xingkai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Harshul Pandit
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 S Floyd ST MDR Bldg Rm326A, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Hengjun Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 511 S Floyd ST MDR Bldg Rm326A, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Li Y, Zhang W, Doughtie A, Cui G, Li X, Pandit H, Yang Y, Li S, Martin R. Up-regulation of fibroblast growth factor 19 and its receptor associates with progression from fatty liver to hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:52329-52339. [PMID: 27447573 PMCID: PMC5239555 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), its receptor (FGFR4) and EpCAM play an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and overexpression have been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the FGF19 signals responsible for the progression of HCC arising from fatty liver. Results FGF19 level was significantly increased in the HCC patients' serum compared to non-HCC controls. The IHC results demonstrated significant increases of protein expressions of FGF19, FGFR4 and EpCAM in specimens with fatty liver, NASH, cirrhosis, and HCC compared to healthy liver tissue. There was a significant positive correlation between the protein expressions (FGF19, FGFR4, and EpCAM) and histopathologic changes from FL to HCC. Furthermore, FGF19 was positively correlated with FGFR4 and with EpCAM. Materials and Methods FGF19 protein levels in serum and tissues were determined by ELISA assay. The FGFR4, and EpCAM expression and tissue distribution were further evaluated by immunohistochemical staining in tissue array samples. FGF19, FGFR4 and EpCAM expressions between the different histologic stages of fatty liver steatohepatitis-cirrhosis-HCC carcinogenesis sequence were compared to healthy hepatic tissue. Conclusions Overexpression of FGF19/FGFR4 significantly correlated with EpCAM as a marker of hepatic cancer stem cells within the fatty liver-steatosis-cirrhosis-HCC sequence. Impact This is the first study to elucidate FGF19/FGFR4 signaling in favor of HCC cells developing as indicated by increased EpCAM within the carcinogenesis sequence from fatty liver to hepatocellular carcinoma. Our study has the potential to yield novel and cost effective screening strategies for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Weizhong Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
| | - Anne Doughtie
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Guozhen Cui
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xuanyi Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Harshul Pandit
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yingbin Yang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Suping Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Robert Martin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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Wan ZY, Tian JS, Tan HWS, Chow AL, Sim AYL, Ban KHK, Long YC. Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 is an essential mediator of metabolic and mitogenic effects of fibroblast growth factor 19 in hepatoma cells. Hepatology 2016; 64:1289-301. [PMID: 27178107 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is an important postprandial enterokine which regulates liver metabolism and hepatocyte proliferation. However, the precise mechanism by which FGF19 regulates these cellular effects is poorly understood. Given that mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates numerous postprandial adaptations, we investigated the potential role of mTORC1 in FGF19 action. We found that FGF19 activated mTORC1 in HepG2 and HuH7 human hepatoma cells, differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and mouse liver. FGF19 activates the mTORC1-p70S6K and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)-p90RSK pathways independently to regulate S6 in an additive manner in hepatoma cells, but it uses mTORC1 as the primary pathway to regulate S6 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Thus, mTORC1 is a novel mediator of FGF19 signaling, which can act in parallel with Erk or function as the primary pathway to regulate S6. The FGF19-induced mTORC1 pathway requires amino acids for efficient signaling; thus, involvement of mTORC1 confers amino acid sensitivity to FGF19 signaling. Although Akt and Erk are known to activate mTORC1, we found that FGF19 signals to mTORC1 through a third recently identified mTORC1 regulator, Ras-like (Ral) protein. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of RalA or RalB abolished FGF19-induced mTORC1 activation, demonstrating that Ral proteins are required for FGF19 to activate mTORC1. FGF19 induced metabolic gene expression, fatty acid oxidation, cell growth, and proliferation in HepG2 cells; and these effects were abolished by mTORC1 inhibition, demonstrating an essential role of mTORC1 in FGF19 action. CONCLUSION mTORC1 is a novel and essential mediator of FGF19 action on metabolic and mitogenic programs; thus, the involvement of mTORC1 in FGF19 signaling is an important factor to consider when targeting the pathway for cancer or diabetes therapy. (Hepatology 2016;64:1289-1301).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yi Wan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johann Shane Tian
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hayden Weng Siong Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ai Lee Chow
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arthur Yi Loong Sim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Hon Kim Ban
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Yun Chau Long
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Abstract
Hepatoblastoma is the most common liver cancer in children, accounting for over 65% of all childhood liver malignancies. Hepatoblastoma is distinct from adult liver cancer in that it is not associated with hepatitis virus infection, cirrhosis, or other underlying liver pathology. The paucity of appropriate cell and animal models has been hampering the mechanistic understanding of hepatoblastoma pathogenesis. Consequently, there is no molecularly targeted therapy for hepatoblastoma. To gain insight into cytokine signaling in hepatoblastoma, we employed mass spectrometry to analyze the proteins secreted from Hep293TT hepatoblastoma cell line we established and identified the specific secretion of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), a growth factor for liver cells. We determined that silencing FGF19 by shRNAs or neutralizing secreted FGF19 by anti-FGF19 antibody inhibits the proliferation of hepatoblastoma cells. Furthermore, blocking FGF19 signaling by an FGF receptor kinase inhibitor suppressed hepatoblastoma growth. RNA expression analysis in hepatoblastoma tumors revealed that the high expression of FGF19 signaling pathway components as well as the low expression of FGF19 signaling repression targets correlates with the aggressiveness of the tumors. These results suggest the role of FGF19 as autocrine growth factor for hepatoblastoma.
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Zhang X, Wang Z, Tian L, Xie J, Zou G, Jiang F. Increased Expression of FGF19 Contributes to Tumor Progression and Cell Motility of Human Thyroid Cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 154:52-8. [PMID: 26450751 DOI: 10.1177/0194599815609534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous reports indicate a role for aberrant expression of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) in tumor development and progression, and several drugs have been developed to target it. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of FGF19 and examine whether it plays any roles in progression of thyroid cancer. STUDY DESIGN Translation research. SETTING Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, China. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Expression patterns of FGF19 protein in 100 paired formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded cancerous and adjacent noncancerous tissues from patients with thyroid cancer were detected by immunohistochemistry. Then, in vitro migration and invasion assays of siRNA-targeted FGF19-transfected cells were performed. RESULTS Positive immunostaining of FGF19 protein expression was localized in cytoplasm with or without membrane of malignant cells and was observed in 82 (82.0%) of 100 patients with thyroid cancer. Statistically, the expression level of FGF19 protein in thyroid cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in normal tissues. In addition, FGF19 overexpression was significantly associated with the advanced tumor node metastasis staging (P = .008), the presence of extrathyroidal invasion (P = .01), lymph nodes metastasis (P = .01), and distant metastasis (P = .02). Furthermore, knockdown of FGF19 by transfection of siRNA-FGF19 could efficiently suppress the migration and invasion abilities of thyroid cancer cells in vitro. CONCLUSION Our data revealed that the increased expression of FGF19 might be involved in the malignant behaviors of thyroid cancer, highlighting its potential as a molecular marker for early diagnosis and as a possible target for therapeutic intervention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangping Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Guijun Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Futing Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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Zhang J, Li Y. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Analogs for Treating Metabolic Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:168. [PMID: 26594197 PMCID: PMC4633491 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is a member of the endocrine FGF subfamily. FGF21 expression is induced under different disease conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, chronic kidney diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, and it has a broad spectrum of functions in regulating various metabolic parameters. Many different approaches have been pursued targeting FGF21 and its receptors to develop therapeutics for treating type 2 diabetes and other aspects of metabolic conditions. In this article, we summarize some of these key approaches and highlight the potential challenges in the development of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Yang Li,
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Gauglhofer C, Paur J, Schrottmaier WC, Wingelhofer B, Huber D, Naegelen I, Pirker C, Mohr T, Heinzle C, Holzmann K, Marian B, Schulte-Hermann R, Berger W, Krupitza G, Grusch M, Grasl-Kraupp B. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4: a putative key driver for the aggressive phenotype of hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2331-8. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Zhang J, Li Y. Fibroblast growth factor 21, the endocrine FGF pathway and novel treatments for metabolic syndrome. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:579-89. [PMID: 24189035 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and associated metabolic conditions have reached pandemic proportions worldwide, and there is a clear unmet medical need for effective and safe therapies. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)21 is an atypical member of the FGF family. The ability of FGF21 to normalize glucose, lipid and energy homeostasis has attracted considerable interest as a potential therapeutic for treating diabetes and obesity. Many different engineering approaches have successfully improved the plasma half life, protein stability and solubility, as well as 'manufacturability' of FGF21. Novel approaches such as agonist antibodies to FGF21 receptor complexes have opened new opportunities previously unavailable. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the functions, target tissues and receptors for FGF21. Furthermore, it provides an up-to-date appraisal of the approaches on therapeutic development targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 19 are inversely associated with coronary artery disease in chinese individuals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72345. [PMID: 23940810 PMCID: PMC3737128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) has been implicated in recent studies as a potential regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism, which may lead to atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the association of FGF19 with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a Chinese population. Methods A total of 315 patients with suspected or established CAD, including 205 males and 110 postmenopausal females, were enrolled and assessed by coronary angiography. CAD severity was determined by the Gensini score. Serum FGF19 was measured by quantitative sandwich ELISA. Results FGF19 levels were not significantly different between male and female patients (median [interquartile range], 143.40 [87.96β250.80] vs. 141.60 [87.13β226.32] pg/mL, Pβ=β0.773). CAD patients had lower levels of FGF19 than those without CAD (128.20 [80.62β226.58] vs. 188.00 [105.10β284.70] pg/mL, Pβ=β0.007). FGF19 was negatively correlated with 2hPG (rβ=ββ0.150, Pβ=β0.008), FINS (rβ=ββ0.169, Pβ=β0.004), HOMA-IR (rβ=ββ0.171, Pβ=β0.004), and the Gensini score (rβ=ββ0.141, Pβ=β0.012), but positively correlated with HDL-c (rβ=β0.116, Pβ=β0.041) and adiponectin (rβ=β0.128, Pβ=β0.024). Moreover, FGF19 was found to be independently correlated with 2hPG (Ξ²β=ββ0.146, Pβ=β0.022) and adiponectin (Ξ²β=β0.154, Pβ=β0.016). After adjusting for other CAD risk factors, FGF19 was demonstrated to be an independent factor for Gensini score (Ξ²β=ββ0.140, Pβ=β0.019) and the presence of CAD (Ξ²β=ββ1.248, Pβ=β0.036). Conclusions Serum FGF19 is associated with the presence and severity of CAD in a Chinese population.
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Schieborr U, Sreeramulu S, Elshorst B, Maurer M, Saxena K, Stehle T, Kudlinzki D, Gande SL, Schwalbe H. MOTOR: model assisted software for NMR structure determination. Proteins 2013; 81:2007-22. [PMID: 23852655 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic proteins with important biological function can be partially unstructured, conformational flexible, or heterogenic. Crystallization trials often fail for such proteins. In NMR spectroscopy, parts of the polypeptide chain undergoing dynamics in unfavorable time regimes cannot be observed. De novo NMR structure determination is seriously hampered when missing signals lead to an incomplete chemical shift assignment resulting in an information content of the NOE data insufficient to determine the structure ab initio. We developed a new protein structure determination strategy for such cases based on a novel NOE assignment strategy utilizing a number of model structures but no explicit reference structure as it is used for bootstrapping like algorithms. The software distinguishes in detail between consistent and mutually exclusive pairs of possible NOE assignments on the basis of different precision levels of measured chemical shifts searching for a set of maximum number of consistent NOE assignments in agreement with 3D space. Validation of the method using the structure of the low molecular-weight-protein tyrosine phosphatase A (MptpA) showed robust results utilizing protein structures with 30-45% sequence identity and 70% of the chemical shift assignments. About 60% of the resonance assignments are sufficient to identify those structural models with highest conformational similarity to the real structure. The software was benchmarked by de novo solution structures of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and the extracellular fibroblast growth factor receptor domain FGFR4 D2, which both failed in crystallization trials and in classical NMR structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schieborr
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Foltz IN, Hu S, King C, Wu X, Yang C, Wang W, Weiszmann J, Stevens J, Chen JS, Nuanmanee N, Gupte J, Komorowski R, Sekirov L, Hager T, Arora T, Ge H, Baribault H, Wang F, Sheng J, Karow M, Wang M, Luo Y, McKeehan W, Wang Z, Veniant MM, Li Y. Treating Diabetes and Obesity with an FGF21-Mimetic Antibody Activating the Β Klotho/FGFR1c Receptor Complex. Sci Transl Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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