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Wang M, Zhou Z, Zheng J, Xiao W, Zhu J, Zhang C, Jiang X. Identification and Validation of a Prognostic Immune-Related Alternative Splicing Events Signature for Glioma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:650153. [PMID: 34055619 PMCID: PMC8155679 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults, with its tumor-promoting immune microenvironment always being intricate to handle with. Amounts of evidence has accumulated to suggest that alternative splicing (AS) is related to tumor immune microenvironment. However, comprehensive analysis of immune-related AS events and their clinical significance are still lacking in glioma. Methods AS events and transcriptome data of 653 glioma patients were downloaded online. ssGSEA was performed on transcriptome data of 653 patients to divided them into low, medium and high immune cell infiltration groups. Immune-related AS events were filtrated based on this grouping. Then lasso Cox regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis were done to achieve an immune-related AS events prognostic signature for glioma. Kaplan-Meier analysis, ROC analyses, univariate Cox regression and multivariate Cox regression were performed to reveal the independent prognostic role of this signature. Meanwhile, a nomogram was constructed to achieved better prognostic value for glioma patients. Besides, functional enrichment analyses and correlation analyses with immune cells infiltration were used to validated the immune-related characteristic of this signature. Results 36 immune-related AS events were achieved based on the grouping mentioned above. A nine-immune-related alternative splicing event signature was built for glioma patients. This signature showed an independent prognostic value and a nomogram containing gender, age, Karnofsky performance score, grade, IDH status, MGMT promoter status and risk score derived from the signature was constructed with a higher predictive ability for overall survival. Association with the infiltration of immune cell subtypes was validated and functional enrichment analysis found that the signature was mainly enriched in immune-related and pro-tumor functions. Conclusion Our research presented all immune-related AS events in glioma, identified an immune-related prognostic AS events risk model and a nomogram was constructed to predict the prognosis individually and more precisely. Tight connection was verified between this signature and clinical characteristics. Also, immune cells infiltration and immune checkpoints expression level were proved to link to risk scores, which enhanced the understanding of relationship between AS events and glioma immune microenvironment, firstly revealing the potential role of AS in immunotherapy of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zijie Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianglin Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxuan Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiameng Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaocai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hainan General Hospital/Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Immunotherapy has been highlighted because we have obtained much evidence, which includes theoretical backborn as well as favorable results from clinical trials. As immunotherapy gives an apparently different cytotoxic mechanism and a little adverse event, the promising results are getting a lot of attention. In this article, cancer immunotherapy for gliomas is reviewed thoroughly from the literature, focusing on the clinical trial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Hashimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
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Ge L, Cornforth AN, Hoa NT, Delgado C, Chiou SK, Zhou YH, Jadus MR. Differential glioma-associated tumor antigen expression profiles of human glioma cells grown in hypoxia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42661. [PMID: 22957023 PMCID: PMC3434178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human U251 and D54 glioma cells were tested for expression of 25 glioma-associated tumor antigen precursor proteins (TAPP) under hypoxic (1% O2) or normoxic (21% O2) conditions. Hypoxic glioma cell lines increased their mRNA expression for nine TAPP (Aim2, Art-4, EphA2, EZH2, Fosl1, PTH-rP, Sox 11, Whsc2 and YKL-40), as assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time/polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Increased differences with three hypoxic-induced TAPP: EZH2, Whsc2 and YKL-40 were shown at the protein levels by fluorescent antibody staining and quantitative electrophoretic analysis. Two TAPP (MRP3 and Trp1) were down-regulated by hypoxia in glioma cell lines. Growing the glioma cells under hypoxia for 13 days, followed by returning them back to normoxic conditions for 7 days, and restored the original normoxic TAPP profile. Thus, hypoxia was an environmental factor that stimulated the transient expression of these antigens. Intracranial xenografts grown in nude mice derived from U251 cells that had been cultured under neurosphere stem cell conditions showed increased expression of Whsc2 or YKL-40, demonstrating that these in vitro properties of glioma also occur in vivo. Whsc2-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes killed the hypoxic U251 glioma cells better than normoxic glioma cells. The antigens expressed by hypoxic tumor cells may be a better source of starting tumor material for loading dendritic cells for novel immunotherapy of glioma using tumor-associated antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Ge
- Diagnostic and Molecular Health Care Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California, United States of America
| | | | - Neil T. Hoa
- Diagnostic and Molecular Health Care Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California, United States of America
- Research Service Healthcare Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California, United States of America
| | - Christina Delgado
- Diagnostic and Molecular Health Care Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California, United States of America
- Research Service Healthcare Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California, United States of America
| | - Shiun Kwei Chiou
- Research Service Healthcare Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California, United States of America
| | - Yi Hong Zhou
- Neuro-Oncology Program, Chao Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Martin R. Jadus
- Diagnostic and Molecular Health Care Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California, United States of America
- Research Service Healthcare Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California, United States of America
- Neuro-Oncology Program, Chao Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange, California, United States of America
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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