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Chu L, Bi C, Wang C, Zhou H. The Relationship between Complements and Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Its Pathogenesis. J Ophthalmol 2024; 2024:6416773. [PMID: 38205100 PMCID: PMC10776198 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6416773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration is a retinal disease that causes permanent loss of central vision in people over the age of 65. Its pathogenesis may be related to mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, complement, intestinal flora, and lipid disorders. In addition, the patient's genes, age, gender, cardiovascular disease, unhealthy diet, and living habits may also be risk factors for this disease. Complement proteins are widely distributed in serum and tissue fluid. In the early 21st century, a connection was found between the complement cascade and age-related macular degeneration. However, little is known about the effect of complement factors on the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. This article reviews the factors associated with age-related macular degeneration, the relationship between each factor and complement, the related functions, and variants and provides new ideas for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chaoran Bi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Caiming Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Thomas CN, Sim DA, Lee WH, Alfahad N, Dick AD, Denniston AK, Hill LJ. Emerging therapies and their delivery for treating age-related macular degeneration. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1908-1937. [PMID: 33769566 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness in the Western world and is characterised in its latter stages by retinal cell death and neovascularisation and earlier stages with the loss of parainflammatory homeostasis. Patients with neovascular AMD (nAMD) are treated with frequent intraocular injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies, which are not only unpopular with patients but carry risks of sight-threatening complications. A minority of patients are unresponsive with no alternative treatment available, and some patients who respond initially eventually develop a tolerance to treatment. New therapeutics with improved delivery methods and sustainability of clinical effects are required, in particular for non-neovascular AMD (90% of cases and no current approved treatments). There are age-related and disease-related changes that occur which can affect ocular drug delivery. Here, we review the latest emerging therapies for AMD, their delivery routes and implications for translating to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe N Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dawn A Sim
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Wen Hwa Lee
- Action Against AMD, London, UK.,Affordable Medicines Programme, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nada Alfahad
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew D Dick
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School and School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alastair K Denniston
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Patient Reported Outcome Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Health Data Research UK, London, UK
| | - Lisa J Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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3
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Borucki DM, Toutonji A, Couch C, Mallah K, Rohrer B, Tomlinson S. Complement-Mediated Microglial Phagocytosis and Pathological Changes in the Development and Degeneration of the Visual System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:566892. [PMID: 33072106 PMCID: PMC7541817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.566892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review is the role of complement-mediated phagocytosis in retinal and neurological diseases affecting the visual system. Complement activation products opsonize synaptic material on neurons for phagocytic removal, which is a normal physiological process during development, but a pathological process in several neurodegenerative diseases and conditions. We discuss the role of complement in the refinement and elimination of synapses in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus, both during development and in disease states. How complement and aberrant phagocytosis promotes injury to the visual system is discussed primarily in the context of multiple sclerosis, where it has been extensively studied, although the role of complement in visual dysfunction in other diseases such as stroke and traumatic brain injury is also highlighted. Retinal diseases are also covered, with a focus on glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Finally, we discuss the potential of complement inhibitory strategies to treat diseases affecting the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis M. Borucki
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Amer Toutonji
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Christine Couch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Khalil Mallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Baerbel Rohrer
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
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4
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Xie CB, Jane-Wit D, Pober JS. Complement Membrane Attack Complex: New Roles, Mechanisms of Action, and Therapeutic Targets. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1138-1150. [PMID: 32194049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The complement membrane attack complex (MAC) is classically known as a cytolytic effector of innate and adaptive immunity that forms pores in the plasma membrane of pathogens or targeted cells, leading to osmolysis. Nucleated cells resist MAC-mediated cytolysis by expression of inhibitors that block MAC assembly or by rapid removal of MAC through endocytosis or shedding. In the absence of lysis, MAC may induce intracellular signaling and cell activation, responses implicated in a variety of autoimmune, inflammatory, and transplant disease settings. New discoveries into the structure and biophysical properties of MAC revealed heterogeneous MAC precursors and conformations that provide insights into MAC function. In addition, new mechanisms of MAC-mediated signaling and its contribution to disease pathogenesis have recently come to light. MAC-activated cells have been found to express proinflammatory proteins-often through NF-κB-dependent transcription, assemble inflammasomes, enabling processing, and facilitate secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, as well as other signaling pathways. These recent insights into the mechanisms of action of MAC provide an updated framework to therapeutic approaches that can target MAC assembly, signaling, and proinflammatory effects in various complement-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B Xie
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dan Jane-Wit
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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5
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Akhtar-Schäfer I, Wang L, Krohne TU, Xu H, Langmann T. Modulation of three key innate immune pathways for the most common retinal degenerative diseases. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708259. [PMID: 30224384 PMCID: PMC6180304 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the role of three key immune pathways in the pathophysiology of major retinal degenerative diseases including diabetic retinopathy, age‐related macular degeneration, and rare retinal dystrophies. We first discuss the mechanisms how loss of retinal homeostasis evokes an unbalanced retinal immune reaction involving responses of local microglia and recruited macrophages, activity of the alternative complement system, and inflammasome assembly in the retinal pigment epithelium. Presenting these key mechanisms as complementary targets, we specifically emphasize the concept of immunomodulation as potential treatment strategy to prevent or delay vision loss. Promising molecules are ligands for phagocyte receptors, specific inhibitors of complement activation products, and inflammasome inhibitors. We comprehensively summarize the scientific evidence for this strategy from preclinical animal models, human ocular tissue analyses, and clinical trials evolving in the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Akhtar-Schäfer
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim U Krohne
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany .,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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6
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Kaarniranta K, Xu H, Kauppinen A. Mechanistical retinal drug targets and challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 126:177-184. [PMID: 29698626 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The retina is constantly exposed to light that increases reactive oxygen species in retina. Oxidative stress, inflammation and neurodegeneration are the major contributors in the most common retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Emerging developments and research for novel therapy targets and drug delivery to the posterior segment offer a promising future for the treatment of retinal diseases including rare hereditary diseases. In this review we discuss about promising mechanistical retinal drug targets. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling and anti-VEGF treatments are excluded.
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7
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Isola AL, Chen S. Extracellular vesicles: important players in immune homeostasis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:S16. [PMID: 28567398 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.03.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Isola
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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8
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Xu H, Chen M. Targeting the complement system for the management of retinal inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 787:94-104. [PMID: 26948311 PMCID: PMC5026403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The retina, an immune privileged tissue, has specialized immune defense mechanisms against noxious insults that may exist in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), uveoretinitis and glaucoma. The defense system consists of retinal innate immune cells (including microglia, perivascular macrophages, and a small population of dendritic cells) and the complement system. Under normal aging conditions, retinal innate immune cells and the complement system undergo a low-grade activation (parainflammation) which is important for retinal homeostasis. In disease states such as AMD and DR, the parainflammatory response is dysregulated and develops into detrimental chronic inflammation. Complement activation in the retina is an important part of chronic inflammation and may contribute to retinal pathology in these disease states. Here, we review the evidence that supports the role of uncontrolled or dysregulated complement activation in various retinal degenerative and angiogenic conditions. We also discuss current strategies that are used to develop complement-based therapies for retinal diseases such as AMD. The potential benefits of complement inhibition in DR, uveoretinitis and glaucoma are also discussed, as well as the need for further research to better understand the mechanisms of complement-mediated retinal damage in these disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK.
| | - Mei Chen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK.
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Martinez-Bravo MJ, Wahlund CJE, Qazi KR, Moulder R, Lukic A, Rådmark O, Lahesmaa R, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Gabrielsson S. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is associated with exosomal vitamin D-binding protein and inflammatory molecules. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:1186-1194. [PMID: 27566455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory granulomatous disorder characterized by accumulation of TH1-type CD4+ T cells and immune effector cells within affected organs, most frequently the lungs. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles conveying intercellular communication with possible diagnostic and therapeutic applications. OBJECTIVES We aimed to provide an understanding of the proinflammatory role of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) exosomes in patients with sarcoidosis and to find candidates for disease biomarkers. METHODS We performed a mass spectrometric proteomics characterization of BALF exosomes from 15 patients with sarcoidosis and 5 healthy control subjects and verified the most interesting results with flow cytometry, ELISA, and Western blot analyses in an additional 39 patients and 22 control subjects. RESULTS More than 690 proteins were identified in the BALF exosomes, several of which displayed significant upregulation in patients, including inflammation-associated proteins, such as leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Most of the complement-activating factors were upregulated, whereas the complement regulator CD55 was seen less in patients compared with healthy control subjects. In addition, for the first time, we detected vitamin D-binding protein in BALF exosomes, which was more abundant in patients. To evaluate exosome-associated vitamin D-binding protein as a biomarker for sarcoidosis, we investigated plasma exosomes from 23 patients and 11 healthy control subjects and found significantly higher expression in patients. CONCLUSION Together, these data contribute to understanding the role of exosomes in lung disease and provide suggestions for highly warranted sarcoidosis biomarkers. Furthermore, the validation of an exosome-associated biomarker in the blood of patients provides novel, and less invasive, opportunities for disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Jose Martinez-Bravo
- Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Casper J E Wahlund
- Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Khaleda Rahman Qazi
- Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Moulder
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ana Lukic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Rådmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Respiratory Unit, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Eklund
- Respiratory Unit, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Protective responses to sublytic complement in the retinal pigment epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8789-94. [PMID: 27432952 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523061113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a key site of injury in inherited and age-related macular degenerations. Abnormal activation of the complement system is a feature of these blinding diseases, yet how the RPE combats complement attack is poorly understood. The complement cascade terminates in the cell-surface assembly of membrane attack complexes (MACs), which promote inflammation by causing aberrant signal transduction. Here, we investigated mechanisms crucial for limiting MAC assembly and preserving cellular integrity in the RPE and asked how these are compromised in models of macular degeneration. Using polarized primary RPE and the pigmented Abca4(-/-) Stargardt disease mouse model, we provide evidence for two protective responses occurring within minutes of complement attack, which are essential for maintaining mitochondrial health in the RPE. First, accelerated recycling of the membrane-bound complement regulator CD59 to the RPE cell surface inhibits MAC formation. Second, fusion of lysosomes with the RPE plasma membrane immediately after complement attack limits sustained elevations in intracellular calcium and prevents mitochondrial injury. Cholesterol accumulation in the RPE, induced by vitamin A dimers or oxidized LDL, inhibits these defense mechanisms by activating acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase), which increases tubulin acetylation and derails organelle traffic. Defective CD59 recycling and lysosome exocytosis after complement attack lead to mitochondrial fragmentation and oxidative stress in the RPE. Drugs that stimulate cholesterol efflux or inhibit ASMase restore both these critical safeguards in the RPE and avert complement-induced mitochondrial injury in vitro and in Abca4(-/-) mice, indicating that they could be effective therapeutic approaches for macular degenerations.
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Ben-Zeev B, Tabib A, Nissenkorn A, Garti BZ, Gomori JM, Nass D, Goldshmidt H, Fellig Y, Anikster Y, Nevo Y, Elpeleg O, Mevorach D. Devastating recurrent brain ischemic infarctions and retinal disease in pediatric patients with CD59 deficiency. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2015; 19:688-93. [PMID: 26233519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Identification of CD59 p.Cys89Tyr mutation in 5 patients from North-African Jewish origin presenting with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy like disease and chronic hemolysis, led us to reinvestigate an unsolved disease in 2 siblings from the same origin who died 17 years ago. The two patients carried the same CD59 gene mutation previously described by our group. These children had quiet similar disease course but in addition developed devastating recurrent brain infarctions, retinal and optic nerve involvement. Revising the brain autopsy of one of these patients confirmed the finding of multiple brain infarctions of different ages. CD59 protein expression was missing on brain endothelial cells by immunohistochemical staining. This new data expands the clinical spectrum of CD59 mutations and further emphasizes the need for its early detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruria Ben-Zeev
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Adi Tabib
- Rheumatology Research Center and Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andreea Nissenkorn
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ben-Zion Garti
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Pediatric B Department, Shneider Pediatric Hospital, Belinson Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - John Moshe Gomori
- Neuroimaging Unit, Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dvora Nass
- Pathology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Hanoch Goldshmidt
- Clinical Laboratory, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yakov Fellig
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yair Anikster
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Pediatric Metabolic Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yoram Nevo
- Pediatric Neurology Institute, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dror Mevorach
- Department of Medicine B Director, Center for Research in Rheumatology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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12
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Yi YM, Cai L, Shao Y, Xu M, Yi JL. The protective role of tacrine and donepezil in the retina of acetylcholinesterase knockout mice. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:884-90. [PMID: 26558196 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.05.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the effect of different concentrations of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors tacrine and donepezil on retinal protection in AChE(+/-) mice (AChE knockout mice) of various ages. METHODS Cultured ARPE-19 cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at concentrations of 0, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 µmol/L and protein levels were measured using Western blot. Intraperitoneal injections of tacrine and donepezil (0.1 mg/mL, 0.2 mg/mL and 0.4 mg/mL) were respectively given to AChE(+/-) mice aged 2mo and 4mo and wild-type S129 mice for 7d; phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was administered to the control group. The mice were sacrificed after 30d by in vitro cardiac perfusion and retinal samples were taken. AChE-deficient mice were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using specific genotyping protocols obtained from the Jackson Laboratory website. H&E staining, immunofluorescence and Western blot were performed to observe AChE protein expression changes in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell layer. RESULTS Different concentrations of H2O2 induced AChE expression during RPE cell apoptosis. AChE(+/-) mice retina were thinner than those in wild-type mice (P<0.05); the retinal structure was still intact at 2mo but became thinner with increasing age (P<0.05); furthermore, AChE(+/-) mice developed more slowly than wild-type mice (P<0.05). Increased concentrations of tacrine and donepezil did not significantly improve the protection of the retina function and morphology (P>0.05). CONCLUSION In vivo, tacrine and donepezil can inhibit the expression of AChE; the decrease of AChE expression in the retina is beneficial for the development of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Min Yi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Li Cai
- Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Man Xu
- Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Lin Yi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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13
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Georgiannakis A, Burgoyne T, Lueck K, Futter C, Greenwood J, Moss SE. Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Mitigate the Effects of Complement Attack by Endocytosis of C5b-9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3382-9. [PMID: 26324770 PMCID: PMC4574521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell death is a hallmark of age-related macular degeneration. The alternative pathway of complement activation is strongly implicated in RPE cell dysfunction and loss in age-related macular degeneration; therefore, it is critical that RPE cells use molecular strategies to mitigate the potentially harmful effects of complement attack. We show that the terminal complement complex C5b-9 assembles rapidly on the basal surface of cultured primary porcine RPE cells but disappears over 48 h without any discernable adverse effects on the cells. However, in the presence of the dynamin inhibitor dynasore, C5b-9 was almost completely retained at the cell surface, suggesting that, under normal circumstances, it is eliminated via the endocytic pathway. In support of this idea, we observed that C5b-9 colocalizes with the early endosome marker EEA1 and that, in the presence of protease inhibitors, it can be detected in lysosomes. Preventing the endocytosis of C5b-9 by RPE cells led to structural defects in mitochondrial morphology consistent with cell stress. We conclude that RPE cells use the endocytic pathway to prevent the accumulation of C5b-9 on the cell surface and that processing and destruction of C5b-9 by this route are essential for RPE cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Georgiannakis
- Department of Cell Biology, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Burgoyne
- Department of Cell Biology, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina Lueck
- Department of Cell Biology, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Futter
- Department of Cell Biology, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - John Greenwood
- Department of Cell Biology, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen E Moss
- Department of Cell Biology, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V9EL, United Kingdom
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