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Huntjens DW, Dijkstra JA, Verwiel LN, Slijkhuis M, Elbers P, Welkers MRA, Veldkamp AI, Kuijvenhoven MA, de Leeuw DC, Abdullah-Koolmees H, Kuipers MT, Bartelink IH. Optimizing Antiviral Dosing for HSV and CMV Treatment in Immunocompromised Patients. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010163. [PMID: 36678792 PMCID: PMC9863155 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are DNA viruses that are common among humans. Severely immunocompromised patients are at increased risk of developing HSV or CMV disease due to a weakened immune system. Antiviral therapy can be challenging because these drugs have a narrow therapeutic window and show significant pharmacokinetic variability. Above that, immunocompromised patients have various comorbidities like impaired renal function and are exposed to polypharmacy. This scoping review discusses the current pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) knowledge of antiviral drugs for HSV and CMV treatment in immunocompromised patients. HSV and CMV treatment guidelines are discussed, and multiple treatment interventions are proposed: early detection of drug resistance; optimization of dose to target concentration by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of nucleoside analogs; the introduction of new antiviral drugs; alternation between compounds with different toxicity profiles; and combinations of synergistic antiviral drugs. This research will also serve as guidance for future research, which should focus on prospective evaluation of the benefit of each of these interventions in randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan W. Huntjens
- Pharmacy & Clinical Pharmacology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob A. Dijkstra
- Pharmacy & Clinical Pharmacology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-20-444-3524
| | - Lisanne N. Verwiel
- Pharmacy & Clinical Pharmacology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Slijkhuis
- Pharmacy & Clinical Pharmacology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Elbers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Laboratory for Critical Care Computational Intelligence (LCCI), Amsterdam Medical Data Science (AMDS), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science (ACS), Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity (AII), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs R. A. Welkers
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes I. Veldkamp
- Pharmacy & Clinical Pharmacology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne A. Kuijvenhoven
- Pharmacy & Clinical Pharmacology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David C. de Leeuw
- Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heshu Abdullah-Koolmees
- Pharmacy & Clinical Pharmacology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Postbus 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria T. Kuipers
- Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Imke H. Bartelink
- Pharmacy & Clinical Pharmacology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sweeney NL, Hanson AM, Mukherjee S, Ndjomou J, Geiss BJ, Steel JJ, Frankowski KJ, Li K, Schoenen FJ, Frick DN. Benzothiazole and Pyrrolone Flavivirus Inhibitors Targeting the Viral Helicase. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:140-148. [PMID: 26029739 DOI: 10.1021/id5000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The flavivirus nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) is a protease and helicase, and on the basis of its similarity to its homologue encoded by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), the flavivirus NS3 might be a promising drug target. Few flavivirus helicase inhibitors have been reported, in part, because few specific inhibitors have been identified when nucleic acid unwinding assays have been used to screen for helicase inhibitors. To explore the possibility that compounds inhibiting NS3-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis might function as antivirals even if they do not inhibit RNA unwinding in vitro, we designed a robust dengue virus (DENV) NS3 ATPase assay suitable for high-throughput screening. Members of two classes of inhibitory compounds were further tested in DENV helicase-catalyzed RNA unwinding assays, assays monitoring HCV helicase action, subgenomic DENV replicon assays, and cell viability assays and for their ability to inhibit West Nile virus (Kunjin subtype) replication in cells. The first class contained analogues of NIH molecular probe ML283, a benzothiazole oligomer derived from the dye primuline, and they also inhibited HCV helicase and DENV NS3-catalyzed RNA unwinding. The most intriguing ML283 analogue inhibited DENV NS3 with an IC50 value of 500 nM and was active against the DENV replicon. The second class contained specific DENV ATPase inhibitors that did not inhibit DENV RNA unwinding or reactions catalyzed by HCV helicase. Members of this class contained a 4-hydroxy-3-(5-methylfuran-2-carbonyl)-2H-pyrrol-5-one scaffold, and about 20 μM of the most potent pyrrolone inhibited both DENV replicons and West Nile virus replication in cells by 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreena L. Sweeney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Alicia M. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Sourav Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Jean Ndjomou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Brian J. Geiss
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1682 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - J. Jordan Steel
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1682 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Kevin J. Frankowski
- Specialized
Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Kelin Li
- Specialized
Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Frank J. Schoenen
- Specialized
Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - David N. Frick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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Coen N, Duraffour S, Snoeck R, Andrei G. KSHV targeted therapy: an update on inhibitors of viral lytic replication. Viruses 2014; 6:4731-59. [PMID: 25421895 PMCID: PMC4246246 DOI: 10.3390/v6114731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman’s disease. Since the discovery of KSHV 20 years ago, there is still no standard treatment and the management of virus-associated malignancies remains toxic and incompletely efficacious. As the majority of tumor cells are latently infected with KSHV, currently marketed antivirals that target the virus lytic cycle have shown inconsistent results in clinic. Nevertheless, lytic replication plays a major role in disease progression and virus dissemination. Case reports and retrospective studies have pointed out the benefit of antiviral therapy in the treatment and prevention of KSHV-associated diseases. As a consequence, potent and selective antivirals are needed. This review focuses on the anti-KSHV activity, mode of action and current status of antiviral drugs targeting KSHV lytic cycle. Among these drugs, different subclasses of viral DNA polymerase inhibitors and compounds that do not target the viral DNA polymerase are being discussed. We also cover molecules that target cellular kinases, as well as the potential of new drug targets and animal models for antiviral testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Coen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sophie Duraffour
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Potential applications for antiviral therapy and prophylaxis in bovine medicine. Anim Health Res Rev 2014; 15:102-17. [PMID: 24810855 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252314000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Viral disease is one of the major causes of financial loss and animal suffering in today's cattle industry. Increases in global commerce and average herd size, urbanization, vertical integration within the industry and alterations in global climate patterns have allowed the spread of pathogenic viruses, or the introduction of new viral species, into regions previously free of such pathogens, creating the potential for widespread morbidity and mortality in naïve cattle populations. Despite this, no antiviral products are currently commercially licensed for use in bovine medicine, although significant progress has been made in the development of antivirals for use against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) and bovine herpesvirus (BHV). BVDV is extensively studied as a model virus for human antiviral studies. Consequently, many compounds with efficacy have been identified and a few have been successfully used to prevent infection in vivo although commercial development is still lacking. FMDV is also the subject of extensive antiviral testing due to the importance of outbreak containment for maintenance of export markets. Thirdly, BHV presents an attractive target for antiviral development due to its worldwide presence. Antiviral studies for other bovine viral pathogens are largely limited to preliminary studies. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of antiviral compounds against several key bovine pathogens and the potential for commercial antiviral applications in the prevention and control of several selected bovine diseases.
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Helicase–primase inhibitors for herpes simplex virus: looking to the future of non-nucleoside inhibitors for treating herpes virus infections. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:45-55. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicase–primase inhibitors (HPIs) are the first new family of potent herpes virus (herpes simplex and varicella-zoster virus) inhibitors to go beyond the preliminary stages of investigation since the emergence of the original nucleoside analog inhibitors. To consider the clinical future of HPIs, this review puts the exciting new findings with two HPIs, amenamevir and pritelivir, into the historical context of antiviral development for the prevention and treatment of herpes simplex virus over the last century and, on this basis, the authors speculate on the potential evolution of these and other non-nucleoside inhibitors in the future.
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Large-scale production and structural and biophysical characterizations of the human hepatitis B virus polymerase. J Virol 2013; 88:2584-99. [PMID: 24352439 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02575-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen that causes serious liver disease and 600,000 deaths annually. Approved therapies for treating chronic HBV infections usually target the multifunctional viral polymerase (hPOL). Unfortunately, these therapies--broad-spectrum antivirals--are not general cures, have side effects, and cause viral resistance. While hPOL remains an attractive therapeutic target, it is notoriously difficult to express and purify in a soluble form at yields appropriate for structural studies. Thus, no empirical structural data exist for hPOL, and this impedes medicinal chemistry and rational lead discovery efforts targeting HBV. Here, we present an efficient strategy to overexpress recombinant hPOL domains in Escherichia coli, purifying them at high yield and solving their known aggregation tendencies. This allowed us to perform the first structural and biophysical characterizations of hPOL domains. Apo-hPOL domains adopt mainly α-helical structures with small amounts of β-sheet structures. Our recombinant material exhibited metal-dependent, reverse transcriptase activity in vitro, with metal binding modulating the hPOL structure. Calcomine orange 2RS, a small molecule that inhibits duck HBV POL activity, also inhibited the in vitro priming activity of recombinant hPOL. Our work paves the way for structural and biophysical characterizations of hPOL and should facilitate high-throughput lead discovery for HBV. IMPORTANCE The viral polymerase from human hepatitis B virus (hPOL) is a well-validated therapeutic target. However, recombinant hPOL has a well-deserved reputation for being extremely difficult to express in a soluble, active form in yields appropriate to the structural studies that usually play an important role in drug discovery programs. This has hindered the development of much-needed new antivirals for HBV. However, we have solved this problem and report here procedures for expressing recombinant hPOL domains in Escherichia coli and also methods for purifying them in soluble forms that have activity in vitro. We also present the first structural and biophysical characterizations of hPOL. Our work paves the way for new insights into hPOL structure and function, which should assist the discovery of novel antivirals for HBV.
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Shadrick WR, Ndjomou J, Kolli R, Mukherjee S, Hanson AM, Frick DN. Discovering new medicines targeting helicases: challenges and recent progress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:761-81. [PMID: 23536547 PMCID: PMC4427233 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113482586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicases are ubiquitous motor proteins that separate and/or rearrange nucleic acid duplexes in reactions fueled by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. Helicases encoded by bacteria, viruses, and human cells are widely studied targets for new antiviral, antibiotic, and anticancer drugs. This review summarizes the biochemistry of frequently targeted helicases. These proteins include viral enzymes from herpes simplex virus, papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, coronaviruses, the hepatitis C virus, and various flaviviruses. Bacterial targets examined include DnaB-like and RecBCD-like helicases. The human DEAD-box protein DDX3 is the cellular antiviral target discussed, and cellular anticancer drug targets discussed are the human RecQ-like helicases and eIF4A. We also review assays used for helicase inhibitor discovery and the most promising and common helicase inhibitor chemotypes, such as nucleotide analogues, polyphenyls, metal ion chelators, flavones, polycyclic aromatic polymers, coumarins, and various DNA binding pharmacophores. Also discussed are common complications encountered while searching for potent helicase inhibitors and possible solutions for these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Shadrick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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