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Lenz B, Andrew BA, Ritter M, Karunakaran I, Gandjui NVT, Nchang LC, Surendar J, Ebob AOB, Ehrens A, Klarmann-Schulz U, Ricchiuto A, Kuehlwein JM, Fombad FF, Ngwa AM, Katcho TD, Hoerauf A, Wanji S, Hübner MP. The design and development of a study protocol to investigate Onchocerca volvulus, Loa loa and Mansonella perstans-mediated modulation of the metabolic and immunological profile in lean and obese individuals in Cameroon. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285689. [PMID: 37267236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Life-style metabolic diseases are steadily rising, not only in developed countries, but also in low- and middle-income countries, presenting a global health problem. Metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are among the ten leading causes of death defined by the WHO in 2019. Results from animal and observational human studies suggest a connection between the decline in human helminth infections and rise of life-style-associated metabolic diseases in developing regions. This trial was designed to investigate filarial infections and their impact on metabolic diseases in Cameroon. We hypothesize that the induction of regulatory immune responses during filarial infection reduces obesity-induced low-grade inflammatory immune responses and thereby improves metabolic parameters, whereas anthelmintic treatment abolishes this protective effect. METHODS/DESIGN Participants infected with Mansonella perstans, Onchocerca volvulus and/or Loa loa being lean (BMI <25), overweight (BMI >25 and <30) or clinically obese (BMI ≥30) from Littoral regions of Cameroon will be evaluated for their parasitological, immunological, metabolic and biochemical profile before and after treatment of their parasitic infections. Anthropomorphic measurements and a detailed questionnaire will complement our analysis. The investigation will assess blood immune cell populations, serum adipokines and cytokines that could be influenced by the parasite infection and/or metabolic diseases. Further, parameters like blood glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), circulating lipids and circulating makers of liver function will be monitored. Parameters will be assessed before treatment, 12 and 18 months after treatment. CONCLUSION The focus of this study is to obtain a comprehensive metabolic profile of the participants in rural areas of Cameroon and to investigate the relationship between filarial immunomodulation and metabolic diseases. This study will elucidate the effect of anti-filarial treatment on the metabolic and immunological parameters that partake in the development of insulin resistance, narrowing in on a potential protective effect of filarial infections on metabolic diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN43845142, ISRCTN43845142 February 2020 Trial title Effects of filarial parasite infection on type 2 diabetes Issue date: 27.10.22, V.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lenz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beng Amuam Andrew
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Indulekha Karunakaran
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Narcisse Victor Tchamatchoua Gandjui
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Lucy Cho Nchang
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jayagopi Surendar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anita Obi Bate Ebob
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Alexandra Ehrens
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Ute Klarmann-Schulz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Arcangelo Ricchiuto
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Janina M Kuehlwein
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Fanny Fri Fombad
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Ambe Marius Ngwa
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Tatiana Djikeussi Katcho
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Parasite and Vector Biology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and the Environment, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
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Rajamanickam A, Munisankar S, Dolla C, Menon PA, Nutman TB, Babu S. Helminth Coinfection Alters Monocyte Activation, Polarization, and Function in Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1274-1286. [PMID: 31953351 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections are known to influence T and B cell responses in latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Whether helminth infections also modulate monocyte responses in helminth-LTBI coinfection has not been fully explored. To this end, we examined the activation, polarization, and function of human monocytes isolated from individuals with LTBI with (n = 25) or without (n = 25) coincident Strongyloides stercoralis infection (S. stercoralis-positive and S. stercoralis-negative respectively). Our data reveal that the presence of S. stercoralis infection is associated with lower frequencies of monocytes expressing CD54, CD80, CD86 at baseline (absence of stimulation) and in response to mycobacterial-Ag stimulation than monocytes from S. stercoralis-negative individuals. In contrast, S. stercoralis infection was associated with higher frequencies of M2-like monocytes, as determined by expression of CD206 and CD163. Monocytes from S. stercoralis-positive individuals had a reduced capacity to phagocytose or exhibit respiratory burst activity following mycobacterial-Ag or LPS stimulation and were less capable of expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 at baseline and/or following Ag stimulation compared with those without S. stercoralis infection. In addition, definitive treatment of S. stercoralis infection resulted in a significant reversal of the altered monocyte function 6 mo after anthelmintic therapy. Finally, T cells from S. stercoralis-positive individuals exhibited significantly lower activation at baseline or following mycobacterial-Ag stimulation. Therefore, our data highlight the induction of dampened monocyte activation, enhanced M2 polarization, and impaired monocyte function in helminth-LTBI coinfection. Our data also reveal a different mechanism by which helminth infection modulates immune function in LTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Rajamanickam
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India
| | - Saravanan Munisankar
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India
| | - Chandrakumar Dolla
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India; and
| | - Pradeep A Menon
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India; and
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India; .,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Pathak M, Sharma P, Sharma A, Verma M, Srivastava M, Misra-Bhattacharya S. Regulatory T-cell neutralization in mice during filariasis helps in parasite clearance by enhancing T helper type 17-mediated pro-inflammatory response. Immunology 2015; 147:190-203. [PMID: 26501838 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis leads to profound impairment of parasite-specific T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 immune responses and significantly increases the expression of regulatory networks and regulatory effectors like transforming growth factor-β, CD25, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor (GITR) and regulatory T (Treg) cells, which together play an important role in immunosuppression. While Treg cells suppress the activity of effector cells, monocyte dysfunction, characterized by an alternatively activated immunoregulatory phenotype, is one hypothesis that explains the lack of an antigen-specific T-cell response in infected individuals. In the present study, we administered neutralizing antibodies against the Treg cell-associated markers CD25 and GITR and observed its effects on filaria-induced immunosuppression. Our results show that administration of anti-CD25 and anti-GITR in infected animals not only arrested the accumulation of Treg cells and reduced arginase activity, but also led to an increase in the percentages of Th17 cells in the secondary lymphoid organs of mice. Elevated levels of interferon-γ and decreased levels of interleukin-10 were also noted in the culture supernatants of mouse splenocytes that were treated with neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, treatment with neutralizing antibodies enhanced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase on host macrophages and CD40 on host dendritic cells with concomitant decreased expression of alternative activation markers Arg1, Ym1 and Fizz1, which together lead to reduced parasite burden in treated animals. In summary, administration of neutralizing antibodies helps in breaking the regulatory network in mice and limits parasite-induced immunosuppression at the earliest host-parasite interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Pathak
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Mrigank Srivastava
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Shailja Misra-Bhattacharya
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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Mia S, Warnecke A, Zhang XM, Malmström V, Harris RA. An optimized protocol for human M2 macrophages using M-CSF and IL-4/IL-10/TGF-β yields a dominant immunosuppressive phenotype. Scand J Immunol 2014; 79:305-14. [PMID: 24521472 PMCID: PMC4282403 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are highly abundant circulatory effector cells and play a vital role in driving or resolving inflammatory processes depending on their activation phenotype. We investigated and compared a panel of polarization protocols of blood-derived monocytes to achieve a stable, optimal and effective regimen for in vitro induction of immunosuppressive human macrophages, evaluating their surface receptor expression, cytokine profile, scavenging function and ability to suppress T-cell proliferation. Importantly, we assessed the effect of copolarization or secondary pro-inflammatory stimulation of a primary anti-inflammatory activation phenotype. A combination of IL-4/IL-10/TGF-β yielded a relatively stable and dominant immunosuppressive phenotype characterized by higher IL-10 production and down-regulated TNF-α, IL-6, CD86, CD274 and MHC II expression. Functionally, IL-4/IL-10/TGF-β-stimulated macrophages (M2) had a potent deactivating effect on a subsequent pro-inflammatory LPS/IFNγ-activated macrophage (M1) stimulation and significantly suppressed T-cell proliferation. Monocytes derived from patients with chronic inflammatory diseases could be induced to be anti-inflammatory using this protocol. Pre-differentiation with GM-CSF or M-CSF was further demonstrated to enhance final M1/M2 activation status. Our findings indicate a robust polarization protocol for generation of specific immunosuppressive human monocyte-derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mia
- Applied Immunology & Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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