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Glasgow BJ. Tear Lipocalin and Lipocalin-Interacting Membrane Receptor. Front Physiol 2021; 12:684211. [PMID: 34489718 PMCID: PMC8417070 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.684211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tear lipocalin is a primate protein that was recognized as a lipocalin from the homology of the primary sequence. The protein is most concentrated in tears and produced by lacrimal glands. Tear lipocalin is also produced in the tongue, pituitary, prostate, and the tracheobronchial tree. Tear lipocalin has been assigned a multitude of functions. The functions of tear lipocalin are inexorably linked to structural characteristics that are often shared by the lipocalin family. These characteristics result in the binding and or transport of a wide range of small hydrophobic molecules. The cavity of tear lipocalin is formed by eight strands (A-H) that are arranged in a β-barrel and are joined by loops between the β-strands. Recently, studies of the solution structure of tear lipocalin have unveiled new structural features such as cation-π interactions, which are extant throughout the lipocalin family. Lipocalin has many unique features that affect ligand specificity. These include a capacious and a flexible cavity with mobile and short overhanging loops. Specific features that confer promiscuity for ligand binding in tear lipocalin will be analyzed. The functions of tear lipocalin include the following: antimicrobial activities, scavenger of toxic and tear disruptive compounds, endonuclease activity, and inhibition of cysteine proteases. In addition, tear lipocalin binds and may modulate lipids in the tears. Such actions support roles as an acceptor for phospholipid transfer protein, heteropolymer formation to alter viscosity, and tear surface interactions. The promiscuous lipid-binding properties of tear lipocalin have created opportunities for its use as a drug carrier. Mutant analogs have been created to bind other molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor for medicinal use. Tear lipocalin has been touted as a useful biomarker for several diseases including breast cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetic retinopathy, and keratoconus. The functional possibilities of tear lipocalin dramatically expanded when a putative receptor, lipocalin-interacting membrane receptor was identified. However, opposing studies claim that lipocalin-interacting membrane receptor is not specific for lipocalin. A recent study even suggests a different function for the membrane protein. This controversy will be reviewed in light of gene expression data, which suggest that tear lipocalin has a different tissue distribution than the putative receptor. But the data show lipocalin-interacting membrane receptor is expressed on ocular surface epithelium and that a receptor function here would be rational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Glasgow
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Habeler M, Redl B. Phage-display reveals interaction of lipocalin allergen Can f 1 with a peptide resembling the antigen binding region of a human γδT-cell receptor. Biol Chem 2021; 402:433-437. [PMID: 33938175 PMCID: PMC10883907 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although some progress has been achieved in understanding certain aspects of the allergenic mechanism of animal lipocalins, they still remain largely enigmatic. One possibility to unravel this property is to investigate their interaction with components of the immune system. Since these components are highly complex we intended to use a high-throughput technology for this purpose. Therefore, we used phage-display of a random peptide library for panning against the dog allergen Can f 1. By this method we identified a Can f 1 binding peptide corresponding to the antigen-binding site of a putative γδT-cell receptor. Additional biochemical investigations confirmed this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Habeler
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Redl
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 80, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
The interplay of different structures belonging to either the anterior segment of the eye or its accessory visual apparatus, which all share common embryological, anatomical, functional, and physiological features, is discussed. Explanation of such terms, as ocular surface, lacrimal functional unit, and ocular surface system, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Safonova
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11 A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
| | - L S Pateyuk
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11 A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
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Bremond-Gignac D, Gicquel JJ, Chiambaretta F. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of diquafosol tetrasodium for the treatment of Sjögren's syndrome. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:905-13. [PMID: 24797483 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.915026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface causing ocular discomfort and visual impairment for the patient. A variety of topical and systemic drugs are available to treat dry eye. Conventional treatments are limited to tear supplementation or improvement of ocular surface inflammation by the use of corticosteroids or cyclosporine A. Treatment of severe dry eye associated with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is even more challenging and is designed to improve the quality and quantity of tear fluid. Diquafosol tetrasodium , a P2Y2 purinergic receptor agonist, acts via a novel mechanism by activating P2Y2 receptors of the ocular surface. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to summarize the pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological and clinical data of 3% diquafosol tetrasodium ophthalmic solution in patients with dry eye, particularly SS. The mechanisms of impaired ocular surface due to severe dry eye, as defined by the International Dry Eye Workshop, are analyzed. EXPERT OPINION Diquafosol tetrasodium provides a novel mode of action in dry eye syndrome, including SS, by stimulating the quantity and quality of tear fluid secretion via various mechanisms. In clinical trials, 3% Diquafosol tetrasodium ophthalmic solution demonstrated a good safety profile and exhibited efficacy with clinical improvement of the ocular surface in dry eye including SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bremond-Gignac
- University Hospital, St Victor Center, Department of Ophthalmology , 354 Boulevard de Beauvillé, UPJV, Amiens , France +33 3 22 82 41 08 ; +33 3 22 82 40 61 ;
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Green-Church KB, Butovich I, Willcox M, Borchman D, Paulsen F, Barabino S, Glasgow BJ. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on tear film lipids and lipid-protein interactions in health and disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:1979-93. [PMID: 21450916 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6997d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kari B Green-Church
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1280, USA
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Nassiri N, Djalilian AR, Hamrah P, Pflugfelder SC. Dry Eye. Cornea 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06387-6.00043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Srinivasan S, Joyce E, Boone A, Simpson T, Jones L, Senchyna M. Tear lipocalin and lysozyme concentrations in postmenopausal women. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2010; 30:257-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2010.00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhao Z, Liu J, Wasinger VC, Malouf T, Nguyen-Khuong T, Walsh B, Willcox MD. Tear lipocalin is the predominant phosphoprotein in human tear fluid. Exp Eye Res 2010; 90:344-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chang KC, Oh JY, In YS, Kim MK, Shin KC, Wee WR, Lee JH, Park MG. Preliminary effects of oral uridine on the ocular surface in dry eye patients. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24:701-7. [PMID: 19654956 PMCID: PMC2719204 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.4.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed a randomized, double blinded, 3-months controlled prospective clinical study to investigate effects of oral uridine on the ocular surface in dry eye patients. Twenty-seven patients who diagnosed as dry eye with lower than 5 mm of wetting in the Schirmer strip, with corneal epithelial erosion and who completely followed-up till 3 months were enrolled. Corneal-conjunctival fluorescein staining, non-anesthetic Schirmer test, impression cytology, and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) were evaluated in the experimental and placebo groups at the baseline, 1 and 3 months after start of medication in a double blinded manner. Fluorescein stain score of the cornea was markedly decreased in oral uridine group compared to the placebo group at 3 months after medication (P=0.032, Mann-Whitney U test). The Schirmer wetting score for the oral uridine group was significantly increased (P=0.001, Wilcoxon signed rank test) at 3 months and its difference between two groups was statistically significant (P=0.030, Mann-Whitney U test). OSDI scores were significantly decreased at 1 and 3 months in treatment group. Oral uridine is effective in treatment of dry eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Cheol Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Seok In
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Cheul Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ryang Wee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hak Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
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Jankowski V, van der Giet M, Mischak H, Morgan M, Zidek W, Jankowski J. Dinucleoside polyphosphates: strong endogenous agonists of the purinergic system. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:1142-53. [PMID: 19563527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purinergic system is composed of mononucleosides, mononucleoside polyphosphates and dinucleoside polyphosphates as agonists, as well as the respective purinergic receptors. Interest in the role of the purinergic system in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology is on the rise. This review focuses on the overall impact of dinucleoside polyphosphates in the purinergic system. Platelets, adrenal glands, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes and tubular cells release dinucleoside polyphosphates. Plasma concentrations of dinucleoside polyphosphates are sufficient to cause direct vasoregulatory effects and to induce proliferative effects on vascular smooth muscle cells and mesangial cells. In addition, increased plasma concentrations of a dinucleoside polyphosphate were recently demonstrated in juvenile hypertensive patients. In conclusion, the current literature accentuates the strong physiological and pathophysiological impact of dinucleoside polyphosphates on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Jankowski
- Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany
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Caffery B, Joyce E, Boone A, Slomovic A, Simpson T, Jones L, Senchyna M. Tear Lipocalin and Lysozyme in Sjögren and Non-Sjogren Dry Eye. Optom Vis Sci 2008; 85:661-7. [DOI: 10.1097/opx.0b013e318181ae4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Guzmán-Aranguez A, Crooke A, Peral A, Hoyle CHV, Pintor J. Dinucleoside polyphosphates in the eye: from physiology to therapeutics. Prog Retin Eye Res 2007; 26:674-87. [PMID: 17931952 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diadenosine polyphosphates are a family of dinucleotides with emerging biochemical, physiological, pharmacological and therapeutic properties in the eye and other tissues. These compounds are formed by two adenosine moieties linked by their ribose 5'-ends to a variable number of phosphates. Diadenosine polyphosphates are present as active components of ocular secretions such as tears and aqueous humour and they can activate P2 purinergic receptors present on the ocular surface, anterior segment and retina. Both metabotropic and ionotropic actions mediated by P2Y and P2X receptors, respectively are responsible for the control of processes such as induction of tear secretion, lysozyme production or acceleration of corneal wound healing. Inside the eye the dinucleotide Ap(4)A can reduce intraocular pressure by acting on P2Y(1) receptors present in trabecular meshwork cells and on P2X(2) receptors present on the cholinergic terminals located in the ciliary muscle. In the retina, derivatives of diadenosine polyphosphates can improve the re-absorption of fluids in retinal detachment. Altogether, diadenosine polyphosphates are not only dinucleotides with roles in the physiology of the eye but it is also possible that their properties may serve to help in the treatment of some ocular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guzmán-Aranguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, E.U. de Optica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), C/Arcos de Jalón s/n, 28037 Madrid, Spain
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Management and Therapy of Dry Eye Disease: Report of the Management and Therapy Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf 2007; 5:163-78. [PMID: 17508120 DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The members of the Management and Therapy Subcommittee assessed current dry eye therapies. Each member wrote a succinct evidence-based review on an assigned aspect of the topic, and the final report was written after review by and with consensus of all subcommittee members and the entire Dry Eye WorkShop membership. In addition to its own review of the literature, the Subcommittee reviewed the Dry Eye Preferred Practice Patterns of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and the International Task Force (ITF) Delphi Panel on Dry Eye. The Subcommittee favored the approach taken by the ITF, whose recommended treatments were based on level of disease severity. the recommendations of the Subcommittee are based on a modification of the ITF severity grading scheme, and suggested treatments were chosen from a menu of therapies for which evidence of therapeutic effect had been presented.
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Design and Conduct of Clinical Trials: Report of the Clinical Trials Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf 2007; 5:153-62. [PMID: 17508119 DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes some universal concepts with regard to clinical trials in general and other issues pertaining to clinical trials specifically tailored to the study of therapeutic intervention in dry eye disease. The report also makes recommendations for logistical design and implementation of such trials. It identifies peculiarities of dry eye disease that complicate clinical trial design, such as the lack of correlation of signs and symptoms, as well as the likelihood of control interventions having a lubricant (placebo) effect. Strategies for environmental trials and controlled adverse environment trials are reviewed.
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Brookings D, Davenport RJ, Davis J, Galvin FCA, Lloyd S, Mack SR, Owens R, Sabin V, Wynn J. Novel nucleotide triphosphates as potent P2Y2 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 17:562-5. [PMID: 17011188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and P2Y2 activities of a novel series of nucleoside triphosphates are described. Many of these compounds were potent agonists of the P2Y2 receptor.
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Tucker JM, Lipatova Z, Beljanski V, Townsend DM, Tew KD. Evaluation of Lipophilins as Determinants of Tumor Cell Response to Estramustine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315:1158-62. [PMID: 16120813 PMCID: PMC9012295 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.090860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estramustine administered orally as estramustine phosphate (EMP) remains a major tool in hormone refractory prostate cancer chemotherapy. The presence of estramustine binding protein, prostatin, in prostate tissue may be a determinant of response to treatment. Lipophilins are secretory proteins with homology to prostatin. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to estimate expression patterns of lipophilins A to C in human biopsies and cell lines resistant to estramustine. Although lipophilin A was not expressed in prostate tissue, both lipophilins B and C were expressed in normal and tumor prostate without significant differences. For lipophilin C, a somatic mutation (T to C transition at positions 409 and 412) was found in human tumor samples and absent in normal prostate tissue. No consistent response to EMP was observed in enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged lipophilin C-transfected PC3 cells compared with parental controls. Among these EGFP-lipophilin C clones, no direct correlation between response to EMP treatment (IC50 values) and EGFP expression was observed (p = 0.73). Lipophilin C mRNA levels did not vary significantly between wild-type and estramustine-resistant cells in prostate (DU145 and PC3) and ovarian (SKOV3) cancer cell lines. Overall, these results suggest that lipophilins are not specific determinants of estramustine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody M Tucker
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, P.O. Box 250505, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Abstract
The ophthalmic formulation of diquafosol tetrasodium (INS365), a P2Y2 receptor agonist, is targeted to treat dry eye disease through rehydration of the ocular surface. Existing pharmacological therapies for dry eye disease are limited, therefore, approval of this medication is anticipated. This review summarises key findings during development and in clinical trials including clinical effectiveness and safety. The relevance of P2Y2 receptor technology to dry eye disease and the disease process is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K Nichols
- The Ohio State University, College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, USA
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