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Sharma SR, Choudhary SK, Vorobiov J, Commins SP, Karim S. Tick bite-induced alpha-gal syndrome and immunologic responses in an alpha-gal deficient murine model. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1336883. [PMID: 38390396 PMCID: PMC10882631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1336883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alpha-Gal Syndrome (AGS) is a delayed allergic reaction due to specific IgE antibodies targeting galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal), a carbohydrate found in red meat. This condition has gained significant attention globally due to its increasing prevalence, with more than 450,000 cases estimated just in the United States alone. Previous research has established a connection between AGS and tick bites, which sensitize individuals to α-gal antigens and elevate the levels of specific IgE. However, the precise mechanism by which tick bites influence the host's immune system and contribute to the development of AGS remains poorly understood. This study investigates various factors related to ticks and the host associated with the development of AGS following a tick bite, using mice with a targeted disruption of alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (AGKO) as a model organism. Methods Lone-star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and gulf-coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum) nymphs were used to sensitize AGKO mice, followed by pork meat challenge. Tick bite site biopsies from sensitized and non-sensitized mice were subjected to mRNA gene expression analysis to assess the host immune response. Antibody responses in sensitized mice were also determined. Results Our results showed a significant increase in the total IgE, IgG1, and α-gal IgG1 antibodies titers in the lone-star tick-sensitized AGKO mice compared to the gulf-coast tick-sensitized mice. Pork challenge in Am. americanum -sensitized mice led to a decline in body temperature after the meat challenge. Gene expression analysis revealed that Am. americanum bites direct mouse immunity toward Th2 and facilitate host sensitization to the α-gal antigen. Conclusion This study supports the hypothesis that specific tick species may increase the risk of developing α-gal-specific IgE and hypersensitivity reactions or AGS, thereby providing opportunities for future research on the mechanistic role of tick and host-related factors in AGS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Raj Sharma
- School of Biological, Environment and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Shailesh K. Choudhary
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Julia Vorobiov
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Scott P. Commins
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Shahid Karim
- School of Biological, Environment and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
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2
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Maldonado-Ruiz LP, Reif KE, Ghosh A, Foré S, Johnson RL, Park Y. High levels of alpha-gal with large variation in the salivary glands of lone star ticks fed on human blood. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21409. [PMID: 38049505 PMCID: PMC10695944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick bites, associated with the secretion of tick saliva containing the xenoglycan galactose-alpha-1, 3-galactose (alpha-gal or aGal), are recognized as the causal factors of alpha-Gal syndrome (AGS; or red meat allergy) in humans. AGS occurs after the increased production of IgE antibodies against aGal, which is found in most mammalian cells, except for the Old World monkey and humans. The aGal sensitization event has been linked to an initial tick bite, followed by consumption of red meat containing the aGal glycan, which triggers the onset of the allergic response resulting in urticaria, anaphylaxis, or even death. In North America, the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, has been identified as the main culprit for AGS. However, only a subset of the human population exposed to lone star tick bites develops AGS. This suggests the presence of unidentified variables associated with the sensitization event. To evaluate the quantitative variations of the aGal in ticks, we evaluated the differences in aGal levels in different strains of A. americanum ticks partially fed on different blood sources using an artificial feeding system and animal hosts. We found significantly higher aGal levels in the female ticks fed on human blood than those fed on the blood of other mammals with large variations among different tick populations and individuals. We propose that host-specific genetic components in the A. americanum ticks are involved in the production of high aGal epitope in the tick saliva, which provides a part of the explanation for the variables associated with the AGS sensitization event of the tick bite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn E Reif
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Anuradha Ghosh
- Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS, 66762, USA
| | - Stephanie Foré
- Department of Biology, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO, 63501, USA
| | - Rachel L Johnson
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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3
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Sharma SR, Choudhary SK, Vorobiov J, Commins SP, Karim S. Tick bite-induced Alpha-Gal Syndrome and Immunologic Responses in an Alpha-Gal Deficient Murine Model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.09.566281. [PMID: 38014105 PMCID: PMC10680608 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.09.566281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Alpha-Gal Syndrome (AGS) is a delayed allergic reaction due to specific IgE antibodies targeting galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal), a carbohydrate found in red meat. This condition has gained significant attention globally due to its increasing prevalence, with more than 450,000 cases estimated in the United States alone. Previous research has established a connection between AGS and tick bites, which sensitize individuals to α-gal antigens and elevate the levels of α-gal specific IgE. However, the precise mechanism by which tick bites influence the hosťs immune system and contribute to the development of AGS remains poorly understood. This study investigates various factors related to ticks and the host associated with the development of AGS following a tick bite, using mice with a targeted disruption of alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (AGKO) as a model organism. Methods Lone-star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and gulf-coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum) nymphs were used to sensitize AGKO mice, followed by pork meat challenge. Tick bite site biopsies from sensitized and non-sensitized mice were subjected to mRNA gene expression analysis to assess the host immune response. Antibody responses in sensitized mice were also determined. Results Our results showed a significant increase in the titer of total IgE, IgG1, and α-gal IgG1 antibodies in the lone-star tick-sensitized AGKO mice compared to the gulf-coast tick-sensitized mice. Pork challenge in Am. americanum -sensitized mice led to a decline in body temperature after the meat challenge. Gene expression analysis revealed that Am. americanum bites direct mouse immunity toward Th2 and facilitate host sensitization to the α-gal antigen, while Am. maculatum did not. Conclusion This study supports the hypothesis that specific tick species may increase the risk of developing α-gal-specific IgE and hypersensitivity reactions or AGS, thereby providing opportunities for future research on the mechanistic role of tick and host-related factors in AGS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Raj Sharma
- School of Biological, Environment and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Shailesh K Choudhary
- Department of Medicine & Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7280, USA
| | - Julia Vorobiov
- Department of Medicine & Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7280, USA
| | - Scott P Commins
- Department of Medicine & Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7280, USA
| | - Shahid Karim
- School of Biological, Environment and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
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Kim YG, Yun JH, Park JW, Seong D, Lee SH, Park KD, Lee HA, Park M. Effect of Xenogeneic Substances on the Glycan Profiles and Electrophysiological Properties of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Int J Stem Cells 2023; 16:281-292. [PMID: 37105557 PMCID: PMC10465332 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocyte (CM) hold great promise as a cellular source of CM for cardiac function restoration in ischemic heart disease. However, the use of animal-derived xenogeneic substances during the biomanufacturing of hiPSC-CM can induce inadvertent immune responses or chronic inflammation, followed by tumorigenicity. In this study, we aimed to reveal the effects of xenogeneic substances on the functional properties and potential immunogenicity of hiPSC-CM during differentiation, demonstrating the quality and safety of hiPSC-based cell therapy. Methods and Results We successfully generated hiPSC-CM in the presence and absence of xenogeneic substances (xeno-containing (XC) and xeno-free (XF) conditions, respectively), and compared their characteristics, including the contractile functions and glycan profiles. Compared to XC-hiPSC-CM, XF-hiPSC-CM showed early onset of myocyte contractile beating and maturation, with a high expression of cardiac lineage-specific genes (ACTC1, TNNT2, and RYR2) by using MEA and RT-qPCR. We quantified N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), a xenogeneic sialic acid, in hiPSC-CM using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring- mass spectrometry. Neu5Gc was incorporated into the glycans of hiPSC-CM during xeno-containing differentiation, whereas it was barely detected in XF-hiPSC-CM. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that the electrophysiological function and glycan profiles of hiPSC-CM can be affected by the presence of xenogeneic substances during their differentiation and maturation. To ensure quality control and safety in hiPSC-based cell therapy, xenogeneic substances should be excluded from the biomanufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guk Kim
- Advanced Bioconvergence Product Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Yun
- Advanced Bioconvergence Product Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ji Won Park
- Advanced Bioconvergence Product Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Dabin Seong
- Advanced Bioconvergence Product Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Su-hae Lee
- Advanced Bioconvergence Product Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ki Dae Park
- Advanced Bioconvergence Product Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hyang-Ae Lee
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Misun Park
- Advanced Bioconvergence Product Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Korea
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ABO genotype alters the gut microbiota by regulating GalNAc levels in pigs. Nature 2022; 606:358-367. [PMID: 35477154 PMCID: PMC9157047 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The composition of the intestinal microbiome varies considerably between individuals and is correlated with health1. Understanding the extent to which, and how, host genetics contributes to this variation is essential yet has proved to be difficult, as few associations have been replicated, particularly in humans2. Here we study the effect of host genotype on the composition of the intestinal microbiota in a large mosaic pig population. We show that, under conditions of exacerbated genetic diversity and environmental uniformity, microbiota composition and the abundance of specific taxa are heritable. We map a quantitative trait locus affecting the abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae species and show that it is caused by a 2.3 kb deletion in the gene encoding N-acetyl-galactosaminyl-transferase that underpins the ABO blood group in humans. We show that this deletion is a ≥3.5-million-year-old trans-species polymorphism under balancing selection. We demonstrate that it decreases the concentrations of N-acetyl-galactosamine in the gut, and thereby reduces the abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae that can import and catabolize N-acetyl-galactosamine. Our results provide very strong evidence for an effect of the host genotype on the abundance of specific bacteria in the intestine combined with insights into the molecular mechanisms that underpin this association. Our data pave the way towards identifying the same effect in rural human populations. The host blood-type-associated ABO genotype affects the abundance of specific bacteria in the pig intestine.
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Maldonado-Ruiz LP, Boorgula GD, Kim D, Fleming SD, Park Y. Tick Intrastadial Feeding and Its Role on IgE Production in the Murine Model of Alpha-gal Syndrome: The Tick "Transmission" Hypothesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:844262. [PMID: 35309294 PMCID: PMC8930817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have provided strong evidence indicating that lone star tick bites are a cause of AGS (alpha-gal syndrome, also known as red meat allergy RMA) in humans. AGS is characterized by an increase in IgE antibody production against galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (aGal), which is a common glycan found in mammalian tissue, except in Old World monkeys and humans. The main causative factor of AGS, the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), is broadly distributed throughout the east and midwest of the United States and is a vector of a wide range of human and animal pathogens. Our earlier glycomics study of the salivary glands of partially fed male and female ticks revealed relatively high levels of aGal epitopes. In this study, we found that partially fed males of A. americanum on bovine blood, which engage in multiple intrastadial feedings, carry a large amount of aGal in the salivary glands. In our current work, we aimed to test whether ticks mediate the transmission of the aGal sensitizer acquired from nonhuman blood to humans in the intrastadial host switch (referred to as the "transmission" hypothesis). To test this hypothesis, we used an alpha-galactosyltransferase knockout mutant mouse (aGT-KO) model system infested with ticks that were unfed or partially fed on bovine blood. Based on the levels of total IgE and specific IgG and IgE antibodies against aGal after tick feedings, aGT-KO mice significantly responded to tick feeding and injection of aGal (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc) conjugated to human serum albumin or mouse serum albumin (aGal-HSA or aGal-MSA) by increasing total IgE and aGal-specific IgE levels compared to those in C57BL/6 control mice. All of the treatments of aGT-KO mice involving the feeding of partially fed and unfed ticks functioned as sensitizers that increased the levels of specific IgE against aGal, with large individual variations. The data in this study do not support the "transmission" component of AGS, although they confirmed that aGT-KO mice can be used as a model for RMA studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donghun Kim
- Department of Entomology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sherry D. Fleming
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Mu Y, Shao A, Shi L, Du B, Zhang Y, Luo J, Xu L, Qu S. Immunological Risk Assessment of Xenogeneic Dural Patch by Comparing with Raw Material via GTKO Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7950834. [PMID: 35083333 PMCID: PMC8786519 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7950834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, α-Gal epitope-deficient (GGTA1 knockout (GTKO)) mice were used to assess the immunological risks of xenogeneic dural patch by comparing with raw material. METHODS The xenogeneic dural patch (T2) was prepared from bovine pericardium (T1, raw material) through decellularization and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) coating. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the collagen fibers and surface microstructural changes in the T1 and T2 samples. The remnant α-Gal epitopes and DNA of implants were detected by standardized method. T1 and T2 were implanted subcutaneously into GTKO mice for 4 and 12 weeks, respectively, and the negative control group (Con) was only performed sham operation. The total serum antibody, anti-Gal antibody, and splenic lymphocyte subtypes were analyzed by ELISA or flow cytometry, and histological analysis of implant-tissue was performed by H&E and Masson stain. RESULTS TEM and Sirius red staining showed that the collagen fibers in the dural patch were closely arranged, and SEM showed that a loose three-dimensional structure was successfully constructed on the surface of the dural patch after CMCS coating. The remnant DNA in T2 was 24.64 ± 8.73 ng/mg (dry weight), and clearance of α-Gal epitope was up to 99.83% compared to T1. The significant increases in serum total IgM, anti-Gal IgG, and anti-Gal IgM at 4 weeks and the significant changes in anti-Gal IgG and spleen lymphocyte at 12 weeks were observed in the T1 group, but no significant change was observed in the T2 group, compared to the control group. Histological semiquantitative analysis showed severe cell and tissue responses at 4 weeks and a moderate response at 12 weeks in the T1 group, while a moderate response at 4 weeks and a slight response at 12 weeks in the T2 group. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that the xenogeneic dural patch has a lower and acceptable immunological risk compared to the raw material and control, respectively. On the other hand, it was suggested that GTKO mice are useful experimental model for immunological risk assessment of animal tissue-derived biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Mu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- Institute for Medical Device Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Anliang Shao
- Institute for Medical Device Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Li Shi
- Shaanxi Bioregenerative Medicine Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710100, China
| | - Bin Du
- Shaanxi Bioregenerative Medicine Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710100, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Shaanxi Bioregenerative Medicine Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710100, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Shaanxi Bioregenerative Medicine Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710100, China
| | - Liming Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- Institute for Medical Device Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Shuxin Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Luo L, Li S, Ji M, Ding Z, Yan Y, Yin J, Xiong Y. Preparation of a novel bovine cancellous bone/poly-amino acid composite with low immunogenicity, proper strength, and cytocompatibility in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:1490-1501. [PMID: 33258539 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the delipidized and deproteinized bovine cancellous bone powder/poly-amino acid (DDBP/PAA) composite was fabricated by extrusion-injection molding method for the first time. After about 70% clearance rate by the delipidization and deproteinization procedures, the residual antigens of galactosyl α-(1, 3)-galactosyl β-1,4-N-aeetylglueosaminyl (α-Gal) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II were basically eliminated by the extrusion-injection molding process, which may cause high titer of antibody and lead to hyperacute rejection or chronic immune toxicity. Meanwhile, the natural BMP II and apatite in bovine bone were kept in DDBP/PAA composite. After 26 weeks of immersion in simulated body fluid, the DDBP/PAA composite remained the intact appearance, 96.4% of weight, and 69.2% of compressive strength, and these showed sufficient degradation stability. The composite also exhibited excellent attachment and proliferation abilities of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs). The results herein suggested that the DDBP/PAA composite was expected to be a load-bearing transplant with some natural ingredients for hard tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Luo
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuyang Li
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mizhi Ji
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengwen Ding
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonggang Yan
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Yin
- School of Automation and Information Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Jinnah AH, Whitlock P, Willey JS, Danelson K, Kerr BA, Hassan OA, Emory CL, Smith TL, Bracey DN. Improved osseointegration using porcine xenograft compared to demineralized bone matrix for the treatment of critical defects in a small animal model. Xenotransplantation 2020; 28:e12662. [PMID: 33242920 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autograft (AG) is the gold standard bone graft due to biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, osteogenicity, and osteoinductivity. Alternatives include allografts and xenografts (XG). METHODS We investigated the osseointegration and biocompatibility of a decellularized porcine XG within a critical defect animal model. We hypothesized that the XG will result in superior osseointegration compared to demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and equivalent immune response to AG. Critical defects were created in rat femurs and treated with XG, XG plus bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, DBM, or AG. Interleukin (IL)-2 and IFN-gamma levels (inflammatory markers) were measured from animal blood draws at 1 week and 1 month post-operatively. At 1 month, samples underwent micro-positron-emission tomography (microPET) scans following 18-NaF injection. At 16 weeks, femurs were retrieved and sent for micro-computerized tomography (microCT) scans for blinded grading of osseointegration or were processed for histologic analysis with tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and pentachrome. RESULTS Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay testing demonstrated greater IL-2 levels in the XG vs. AG 1 week post-op; which normalized by 28 days post-op. MicroPET scans showed increased uptake within the AG compared to all groups. XG and XG + BMP-2 showed a trend toward increased uptake compared with DBM. MicroCT scans demonstrated increased osseointegration in XG and XG + BMP groups compared to DBM. Pentachrome staining demonstrated angiogenesis and endochondral bone formation. Furthermore, positive TRAP staining in samples from all groups indicated bone remodeling. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that decellularized and oxidized porcine XG is biocompatible and at least equivalent to DBM in the treatment of a critical defect in a rat femur model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Jinnah
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Patrick Whitlock
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Willey
- Department of Radiation/Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kerry Danelson
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Bethany A Kerr
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Omer A Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia L Emory
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Thomas L Smith
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Daniel N Bracey
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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10
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Bracey DN, Cignetti NE, Jinnah AH, Stone AV, Gyr BM, Whitlock PW, Scott AT. Bone xenotransplantation: A review of the history, orthopedic clinical literature, and a single‐center case series. Xenotransplantation 2020; 27:e12600. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N. Bracey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC USA
| | - Natalie E. Cignetti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC USA
| | - Alexander H. Jinnah
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC USA
| | - Austin V. Stone
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | - Bettina M. Gyr
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters Norfolk VA USA
| | - Patrick W. Whitlock
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Aaron T. Scott
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC USA
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11
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Park Y, Kim D, Boorgula GD, De Schutter K, Smagghe G, Šimo L, Archer-Hartmann SA, Azadi P. Alpha-Gal and Cross-Reactive Carbohydrate Determinants in the N-Glycans of Salivary Glands in the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E18. [PMID: 31936588 PMCID: PMC7157712 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are important ectoparasites and vectors of numerous human and animal pathogens. Ticks secrete saliva that contains various bioactive materials to evade the host defense system, and often facilitates the pathogen transmission. In addition, the Lone star tick saliva is thought to be the sensitizer in red meat allergy that is characterized by an allergic reaction to glycan moieties carrying terminal galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (aGal). To assess N-glycome of Amblyomma americanum, we examined the N-glycan structures in male and female salivary glands at three different feeding stages and in carcasses of partially fed lone star ticks. We also surveyed the genes involved in the N-glycosylation in the tick species. The aGal epitopes and cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) increases over time after the onset of blood feeding in both male and female A. americanum. These CCDs include xylosylation of the core mannose, 1,3-mono and 1,3- and 1,6-difucosylations of the basal GlcNac and mono- or diantennary aGal. Combinations of both xylosylation and aGal and fucosylation and aGal were also found on the N-glycan structures. While the enzymes required for the early steps of the N-glycosylation pathway are quite conserved, the enzymes involved in the later stages of N-glycan maturation in the Golgi apparatus are highly diverged from those of insects. Most of all, we propose that the aGal serves as a molecular mimicry of bioactive proteins during tick feedings on mammalian hosts, while it contributes as a sensitizer of allergy in atypical host human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (D.K.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Donghun Kim
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (D.K.); (G.D.B.)
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Gunavanthi D. Boorgula
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (D.K.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Kristof De Schutter
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.D.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (K.D.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Ladislav Šimo
- UMR BIPAR, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.A.A.-H.); (P.A.)
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Bracey DN, Seyler TM, Jinnah AH, Smith TL, Ornelles DA, Deora R, Parks GD, Van Dyke ME, Whitlock PW. A porcine xenograft-derived bone scaffold is a biocompatible bone graft substitute: An assessment of cytocompatibility and the alpha-Gal epitope. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12534. [PMID: 31342586 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenografts are an attractive alternative to traditional bone grafts because of the large supply from donors with predictable morphology and biology as well as minimal risk of human disease transmission. Clinical series involving xenograft bone transplantation, most commonly from bovine sources, have reported poor results with frequent graft rejection and failure to integrate with host tissue. Failures have been attributed to residual alpha-Gal epitope in the xenograft which humans produce natural antibody against. To the authors' knowledge, there is currently no xenograft-derived bone graft substitute that has been adopted by orthopedic surgeons for routine clinical use. METHODS In the current study, a bone scaffold intended to serve as a bone graft substitute was derived from porcine cancellous bone using a tissue decellularization and chemical oxidation protocol. In vitro cytocompatibility, pathogen clearance, and alpha-Gal quantification tests were used to assess the safety of the bone scaffold intended for human use. RESULTS In vitro studies showed the scaffold was free of processing chemicals and biocompatible with mouse and human cell lines. When bacterial and viral pathogens were purposefully added to porcine donor tissue, processing successfully removed these pathogens to comply with sterility assurance levels established by allograft tissue providers. Critically, 98.5% of the alpha-Gal epitope was removed from donor tissue after decellularization as shown by ELISA inhibition assay and immunohistochemical staining. CONCLUSIONS The current investigation supports the biologic safety of bone scaffolds derived from porcine donors using a decellularization protocol that meets current sterility assurance standards. The majority of the highly immunogenic xenograft carbohydrate was removed from donor tissue, and these findings support further in vivo investigation of xenograft-derived bone tissue for orthopedic clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Bracey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Thorsten M Seyler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Alexander H Jinnah
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Thomas L Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - David A Ornelles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Griffith D Parks
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
| | - Mark E Van Dyke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Patrick W Whitlock
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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13
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Xing X, Zou Z, He C, Hu Z, Liang K, Liang W, Wang Y, Du X. Enhanced antitumor effect of cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by dendritic cells pulsed with colorectal cancer cell lysate expressing α-Gal epitopes. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:864-871. [PMID: 31289564 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of gastrointestinal malignancy. Traditional therapeutic options for CRC exhibit a limited effect. Adoptive cellular therapy has emerged as a new treatment strategy for CRC. Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells. Specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) activated by DCs pulsed with tumor lysate have been reported to be a safe and promising treatment approach for CRC. However, the antitumor effect of specific CTLs remains limited. The low immunogenicity of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) is the main reason for this limited therapeutic effect. In the present study, α-gal epitopes were synthesized on the CRC cell line SW620 to increase the immunogenicity of TAAs. DCs were pulsed with α-gal-expressing tumor lysate and CTLs were activated by these DCs. The cytotoxicity of CTLs was measured in vitro. The results demonstrated that DCs pulsed with α-gal-expressing tumor lysate can increase the frequency of CD3+CD8+ CTLs and natural killer T cells, increase the level of tumor necrosis factor-α produced by CTLs and enhance the cytotoxicity of CTLs against tumor cells. Therefore, this novel approach may be an effective treatment strategy for patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Xing
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Zou
- Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Changzheng He
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Zilong Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Kai Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Patient Admission Management, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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Lee W, Hara H, Ezzelarab MB, Iwase H, Bottino R, Long C, Ramsoondar J, Ayares D, Cooper DKC. Initial in vitro studies on tissues and cells from GTKO/CD46/NeuGcKO pigs. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:137-50. [PMID: 26988899 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact that the absence of expression of NeuGc in pigs might have on pig organ or cell transplantation in humans has been studied in vitro, but only using red blood cells (pRBCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pPBMCs) as the target cells for immune assays. We have extended this work in various in vitro models and now report our initial results. METHODS The models we have used involve GTKO/hCD46 and GTKO/hCD46/NeuGcKO pig aortas and corneas, and pRBCs, pPBMCs, aortic endothelial cells (pAECs), corneal endothelial cells (pCECs), and isolated pancreatic islets. We have investigated the effect of the absence of NeuGc expression on (i) human IgM and IgG binding, (ii) the T-cell proliferative response, (iii) human platelet aggregation, and (iv) in an in vitro assay of the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) following exposure of pig islets to human blood/serum. RESULTS The lack of expression of NeuGc on some pig tissues (aortas, corneas) and cells (RBCs, PBMCs, AECs) significantly reduces the extent of human antibody binding. In contrast, the absence of NeuGc expression on some pig tissues (CECs, isolated islet cells) does not reduce human antibody binding, possibly due to their relatively low NeuGc expression level. The strength of the human T-cell proliferative response may also be marginally reduced, but is already weak to GTKO/hCD46 pAECs and islet cells. We also demonstrate that the absence of NeuGc expression on GTKO/hCD46 pAECs does not reduce human platelet aggregation, and nor does it significantly modify the IBMIR to pig islets. CONCLUSION The absence of NeuGc on some solid organs from GTKO/hCD46/NeuGcKO pigs should reduce the human antibody response after clinical transplantation when compared to GTKO/hCD46 pig organs. However, the clinical benefit of using certain tissue (e.g., cornea, islets) from GTKO/hCD46/NeuGcKO pigs is questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whayoung Lee
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohamed B Ezzelarab
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hayato Iwase
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cassandra Long
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - David K C Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Cooper DKC. Modifying the sugar icing on the transplantation cake. Glycobiology 2016; 26:571-81. [PMID: 26935763 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a transplant surgeon, my interest in glycobiology began through my research into ABO-incompatible allotransplantation, and grew when my goal became overcoming the shortage of organs from deceased human donors by the transplantation of pig organs into patients with terminal organ failure (xenotransplantation/cross-species transplantation). The major target for human "natural" (preformed) anti-pig antibodies is galactose-α(1,3)-galactose (the "Gal" epitope), which is expressed on many pig cells, including the vascular endothelium. The binding of human IgM and IgG antibodies to Gal antigens initiates the process of hyperacute rejection, resulting in destruction of the pig graft within minutes or hours. This major barrier has been overcome by the production of pigs in which the gene for the enzyme α(1,3)-galactosyltransferase (GT) has been deleted by genetic engineering, resulting in GT knockout (GTKO) pigs. The two other known carbohydrate antigenic targets on pig cells for human anti-pig antibodies are (i) the product of the cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene, i.e., N-glycolylneuraminic acid, and (ii) the product of the β1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase gene, i.e., the Sd(a) antigen. Expression of these two has also been deleted in pigs. These genetic manipulations, together with others directed to overcoming primate complement and coagulation activation (the latter of which also relates to glycobiology) have contributed to the prolongation of pig graft survival in nonhuman primate recipients to many months rather than a few minutes. Clinical trials of the transplantation of pig cells are already underway and transplantation of pig organs may be expected within the relatively near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K C Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Cooper DKC, Ekser B, Tector AJ. Immunobiological barriers to xenotransplantation. Int J Surg 2015; 23:211-216. [PMID: 26159291 PMCID: PMC4684773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Binding of natural anti-pig antibodies in humans and nonhuman primates to carbohydrate antigens expressed on the transplanted pig organ, the most important of which is galactose-α1,3-galactose (Gal), activate the complement cascade, which results in destruction of the graft within minutes or hours, known as hyperacute rejection. Even if antibody is removed from the recipient's blood by plasmapheresis, recovery of antibody is associated with acute humoral xenograft rejection. If immunosuppressive therapy is inadequate, the development of high levels of T cell-dependent elicited anti-pig IgG similarly results in graft destruction, though classical acute cellular rejection is rarely seen. Vascular endothelial activation by low levels of anti-nonGal antibody, coupled with dysregulation of the coagulation-anticoagulation systems between pigs and primates, leads to a thrombotic microangiopathy in the graft that may be associated with a consumptive coagulopathy in the recipient. The most successful approach to overcoming these barriers is by genetically-engineering the pig to provide it with resistance to the human humoral and cellular immune responses and to correct the coagulation discrepancies between the two species. Organs and cells from pigs that (i) do not express the important Gal antigen, (ii) express a human complement-regulatory protein, and (iii) express a human coagulation-regulatory protein, when combined with an effective immunosuppressive regimen, have been associated with prolonged pig graft survival in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K C Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Joseph Tector
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Hristodorov D, Fischer R, Linden L. With or without sugar? (A)glycosylation of therapeutic antibodies. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 54:1056-68. [PMID: 23097175 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-based drugs are currently the fastest-growing class of therapeutics. Over the last three decades, more than 30 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and derivatives thereof have been approved for and successfully applied in diverse indication areas including cancer, organ transplants, autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, and cardiovascular disease. The isotype of choice for antibody therapeutics is human IgG, whose Fc region contains a ubiquitous asparagine residue (N297) that acts as an acceptor site for N-linked glycans. The nature of these glycans can decisively influence the therapeutic performance of a recombinant antibody, and their absence or modification can lead to the loss of Fc effector functions, greater immunogenicity, and unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles. However, recent studies have shown that aglycosylated antibodies can be genetically engineered to display novel or enhanced effector functions and that favorable pharmacokinetic properties can be preserved. Furthermore, the ability to produce aglycosylated antibodies in lower eukaryotes and bacteria offers the potential to broaden and simplify the production platforms and avoid the problem of antibody heterogeneity, which occurs when mammalian cells are used for production. In this review, we discuss the importance of Fc glycosylation focusing on the use of aglycosylated and glyco-engineered antibodies as therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrij Hristodorov
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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18
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Bouloy M, Flick R. Reverse genetics technology for Rift Valley fever virus: current and future applications for the development of therapeutics and vaccines. Antiviral Res 2009; 84:101-18. [PMID: 19682499 PMCID: PMC2801414 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The advent of reverse genetics technology has revolutionized the study of RNA viruses, making it possible to manipulate their genomes and evaluate the effects of these changes on their biology and pathogenesis. The fundamental insights gleaned from reverse genetics-based studies over the last several years provide a new momentum for the development of designed therapies for the control and prevention of these viral pathogens. This review summarizes the successes and stumbling blocks in the development of reverse genetics technologies for Rift Valley fever virus and their application to the further dissection of its pathogenesis and the design of new therapeutics and safe and effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bouloy
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Bunyavirus, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Ramon Flick
- BioProtection Systems Corporation, 2901 South Loop Drive, Suite 3360, Ames, IA 50010-8646, USA
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Lanteri M, Ollier L, Giordanengo V, Lefebvre JC. Designing a HER2/neu promoter to drive alpha1,3galactosyltransferase expression for targeted anti-alphaGal antibody-mediated tumor cell killing. Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:R487-94. [PMID: 15987454 PMCID: PMC1175063 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Our goal was to specifically render tumor cells susceptible to natural cytolytic anti-αGal antibodies by using a murine α1,3galactosyltransferase (mαGalT) transgene driven by a designed form of HER2/neu promoter (pNeu), the transcription of which is frequently observed to be above basal in breast tumors. Indeed, the αGalT activity that promotes Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc-R (αGal) epitope expression has been mutationally disrupted during the course of evolution, starting from Old World primates, and this has led to the counter-production of large amounts of cytotoxic anti-αGal antibodies in recent primates, including man. Method Expression of the endogenous c-erbB-2 gene was investigated in various cell lines by northern blotting. A mαGalT cDNA was constructed into pcDNA3 vector downstream of the original CMV promoter (pCMV/mαGalT) and various forms of pNeu were prepared by PCR amplification and inserted in the pCMV/mαGalT construct upstream of the mαGalT cDNA, in the place of the CMV promoter. These constructs were transferred into HEK-293 control and breast tumor cell lines. Stably transfected cells were analyzed by northern blotting for their expression of αGalT and c-erbB-2, and by flow cytometry for their binding with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Griffonia simplicifolia/isolectin B4. Results We show that expression of the mαGalT was up- or down-modulated according to the level of endogenous pNeu activity and the particular form of constructed pNeu. Among several constructs, two particular forms of the promoter, pNeu250 containing the CCAAT box and the PEA3 motif adjacent to the TATAA box, and pNeu664, which has three additional PEA3 motifs upstream of the CCAAT box, were found to promote differential αGalT expression. Conclusion Our results strengthen current concepts about the crucial role played by the proximal PEA3 motif of pNeu, and may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the development of targeted transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lanteri
- INSERM U526, Laboratoire de Virologie, Faculté de Médecine, avenue de Valombrose, 06107, Nice cedex 2, France
| | - Laurence Ollier
- INSERM U526, Laboratoire de Virologie, Faculté de Médecine, avenue de Valombrose, 06107, Nice cedex 2, France
| | - Valérie Giordanengo
- INSERM U526, Laboratoire de Virologie, Faculté de Médecine, avenue de Valombrose, 06107, Nice cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-Claude Lefebvre
- INSERM U526, Laboratoire de Virologie, Faculté de Médecine, avenue de Valombrose, 06107, Nice cedex 2, France
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Walsh WE, Anderson BE, Ivancic D, Zhang Z, Piccini JP, Rodgers TG, Pao W, Fryer JP. Distribution of, and immune response to, chicken anti-alpha Gal immunoglobulin Y antibodies in wild-type and alpha Gal knockout mice. Immunology 2000; 101:467-73. [PMID: 11122450 PMCID: PMC2327111 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2000] [Revised: 08/07/2000] [Accepted: 08/21/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken antibodies (immunoglobulin Y; IgY) to the alpha Gal epitope (galactose alpha-1,3-galactose) bind to alpha Gal antigens of mouse and porcine tissues and endothelial cells in vitro and block human anti-alpha Gal antibody binding, complement activation and antibody-dependent cell-mediated lysis mechanisms. The activities and toxicity of anti-alpha Gal IgY have not been tested in vivo. In this study, we tested the effects of multiple injections of affinity-purified anti-alpha Gal IgY (AP-IgY) in both wild-type (WT) and alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (Gal KO) mice. WT and Gal KO mice were injected once, twice, three, or four times intravenously (i.v.) with AP-IgY and killed at 1 hr or 24 hr. Mice displayed no toxicity to four injections of AP-IgY. Heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and pancreatic tissue were evaluated using immunohistochemical techniques for the presence of the alpha Gal epitope using the GSI-B4 lectin, and for bound IgY, as well as mouse IgM and IgG. The binding of AP-IgY antibodies to the endothelium of WT mouse tissues was essentially identical to the pattern of binding of the GSI-B4 lectin after injection of WT mice and death at 1 hr. WT mice killed 24 hr after i.v. injection of AP-IgY showed little remaining bound IgY in their endothelia, indicating that IgY is cleared over that time period. We also evaluated the blood drawn at the time of death for the presence of anti-alpha Gal IgY, anti-IgY IgM and anti-IgY IgG by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anti-alpha Gal IgY was almost undetectable in WT mouse sera at all injection and killing times. In contrast, Gal KO mouse sera showed increasing anti-alpha Gal IgY levels until 24 hr after the fourth injection, when anti-alpha Gal IgY levels were almost undetectable. Anti-IgY IgM and IgG levels in WT and Gal KO mouse sera showed a typical increase in anti-IgY IgM 24 hr after the second injection (3 days after the first injection) and an increase in anti-IgY IgG 24 hr after the third injection (5 days after the first injection). These results show that IgY binds to alpha Gal epitopes in the WT mice and is cleared sometime over a 24-hr time period and that IgY is an expected immunogen in mice eliciting a rather typical anti-IgY IgM and IgG response.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Walsh
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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