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Santi D, Spaggiari G, Casarini L, Fanelli F, Mezzullo M, Pagotto U, Granata ARM, Carani C, Simoni M. Central hypogonadism due to a giant, "silent" FSH-secreting, atypical pituitary adenoma: effects of adenoma dissection and short-term Leydig cell stimulation by luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Aging Male 2017; 20:96-101. [PMID: 28067604 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2016.1276161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case report of an atypical giant pituitary adenoma secreting follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). A 55-year-old patient presented for erectile dysfunction, loss of libido and fatigue. The biochemical evaluation showed very high FSH serum levels in the presence of central hypogonadism. Neither testicular enlargement nor increased sperm count was observed, thus a secretion of FSH with reduced biological activity was supposed. The histological examination after neuro-surgery showed an atypical pituitary adenoma with FSH-positive cells. Hypogonadism persisted and semen analyses impaired until azoospermia in conjunction with the reduction in FSH levels suggesting that, at least in part, this gonadotropin should be biologically active. Thus, we hypothesized a concomitant primary testicular insufficiency. The patient underwent short-term treatment trials with low doses of either recombinant luteinizing hormone (LH) or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in three consecutive treatment schemes, showing an equal efficacy in stimulating testosterone (T) increase. This is the first case of atypical, giant FSH-secreting pituitary adenoma with high FSH serum levels without signs of testicular hyperstimulation, in presence of hypogonadism with plausible combined primary and secondary etiology. Hypophysectomized patients may represent a good model to assess both pharmacodynamics and effective dose of LH and hCG in the male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Santi
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
- b Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda USL of Modena , Modena , Italy
| | - Giorgia Spaggiari
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
- b Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda USL of Modena , Modena , Italy
| | - Livio Casarini
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
- c Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy , and
| | - Flaminia Fanelli
- d Endocrinology Unit and Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Marco Mezzullo
- d Endocrinology Unit and Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- d Endocrinology Unit and Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Antonio R M Granata
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
- b Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda USL of Modena , Modena , Italy
| | - Cesare Carani
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
- b Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Geriatrics, Azienda USL of Modena , Modena , Italy
- c Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy , and
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Dyce PW, Liu J, Tayade C, Kidder GM, Betts DH, Li J. In vitro and in vivo germ line potential of stem cells derived from newborn mouse skin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20339. [PMID: 21629667 PMCID: PMC3101249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that fetal porcine skin-derived stem cells were capable of differentiation into oocyte-like cells (OLCs). Here we report that newborn mice skin-derived stem cells are also capable of differentiating into early OLCs. Using stem cells from mice that are transgenic for Oct4 germline distal enhancer-GFP, germ cells resulting from their differentiation are expected to be GFP(+). After differentiation, some GFP(+) OLCs reached 40-45 µM and expressed oocyte markers. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that ∼ 0.3% of the freshly isolated skin cells were GFP(+). The GFP-positive cells increased to ∼ 7% after differentiation, suggesting that the GFP(+) cells could be of in vivo origin, but are more likely induced upon being cultured in vitro. To study the in vivo germ cell potential of skin-derived cells, they were aggregated with newborn ovarian cells, and transplanted under the kidney capsule of ovariectomized mice. GFP(+) oocytes were identified within a subpopulation of follicles in the resulting growth. Our finding that early oocytes can be differentiated from mice skin-derived cells in defined medium may offer a new in vitro model to study germ cell formation and oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. Dyce
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, and Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jinghe Liu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chandrakant Tayade
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerald M. Kidder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, and Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean H. Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, and Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julang Li
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Lei ZM, Mishra S, Ponnuru P, Li X, Yang ZW, Rao CV. Testicular phenotype in luteinizing hormone receptor knockout animals and the effect of testosterone replacement therapy. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:1605-13. [PMID: 15253923 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.031161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The LH receptor knockout model, developed in our laboratory, was used in determining what FSH alone can do in the absence of LH signaling and whether any of the testicular LH actions are not mediated by androgens. The results revealed that null animals contained smaller seminiferous tubules, which contained the same number of Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, and early spermatocytes as wild-type siblings. The number of late spermatocytes, on the other hand, was moderately decreased, the number of round spermatids was dramatically decreased, and elongated spermatids were completely absent. These changes appear to be due to an increase in apoptosis in spermatocytes. While the number of Leydig cells progressively increased from birth to 60 days of age in wild-type animals, they remained unchanged in null animals. Consequently, 60-day-old null animals contained only a few Leydig cells of fetal type. The age-dependent increase in testicular macrophages lagged behind in null animals compared with wild-type siblings. Orchidopexy indicated that -/- testicular phenotype was not due to abdominal location. Rather, it was mostly due to androgen deficiency, as 21-day testosterone replacement therapy stimulated the growth of seminiferous tubules, decreased apoptosis, and increased the number of late spermatocytes and round spermatids and their subsequent differentiation into mature sperm. The therapy, however, failed to restore adult-type Leydig cells and testicular macrophage numbers to the wild-type levels. In summary, our data support the concept that FSH signaling alone can maintain the proliferation and development of Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, and early spermatocytes. LH actions mediated by testosterone are required for completion of spermatogenesis, and finally, androgen-independent actions of LH are required for the formation of adult-type Leydig cells and recruitment of macrophages into the testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Lei
- Division of Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Yu SS, Takenaka O. Molecular cloning, structure, and testis-specific expression of MFSJ1, a member of the DNAJ protein family, in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 301:443-9. [PMID: 12565881 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)03035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A strong signal of cDNA product was identified in adult and senile testes of the Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) using differential display PCR analysis. Its full-length cDNA was molecular-cloned by RT-PCR using adult testis mRNA as templates. The predicted open reading frame encoded a protein of 242 amino-acid residues. It contained J domain in the NH(2) terminal region and Gly/Phe-rich domain in the middle of protein, which are typical structural domains of the DnaJ protein family. We named this gene, MFSJ1, for spermatogenic cell-specific DNAJ homolog in the Japanese monkey. Northern blot analysis of RNAs from various somatic and germinal tissues revealed that the MFSJ1 gene is specifically expressed in testis and is active at adult and senile stages but is scarcely expressed at the juvenile stage. In situ hybridization revealed that the MFSJ1 gene is expressed mainly in spermatids and the expressional potential is maintained from adult to senile stages. MFSJ1 was found to have high similarity (71% identity) with MSJ1, mouse spermatogenic cell-specific DnaJ homolog. Although this type of DnaJ-like protein has not been found in other mammals, it may be essential for mammalian spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Sook Yu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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Tokunaga Y, Imai S, Torii R, Maeda T. Cytoplasmic liberation of protein gene product 9.5 during the seasonal regulation of spermatogenesis in the monkey (Macaca fuscata). Endocrinology 1999; 140:1875-83. [PMID: 10098527 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.4.6615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Primate spermatogenesis is distinguished by yet unidentified mechanisms to regulate its spermatogenetic activity. In contrast to the well documented hormonal regulators, the cellular events responsible for the regulation of the spermatogenesis has not been addressed. By using PGP 9.5-immunohistochemistry, our previous study demonstrated that the monkey spermatogonia are divided into two distinct sub-populations, i.e. cytoplasmic PGP 9.5-positive and cytoplasmic PGP 9.5-negative spermatogonia. By comparing the cytoplasmic expression of PGP 9.5 between the breeding and nonbreeding seasons of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) in association with PCNA labeling, the present study demonstrates that the cytoplasmic PGP 9.5-positive Ap spermatogonia significantly increases when the spermatogenetic activity declines in the nonbreeding season. An ultrastructural subcellular localization of PGP 9.5 suggests that the increase of the cytoplasmic PGP 9.5 expression is due to a liberation of PGP 9.5 molecule from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. The results provide a theoretical basis by which PGP 9.5 serves as a novel marker for spermatogonial subtypes, which will have further implications for future studies on spermatogenesis. The analysis using this novel marker suggests that the Ap spermatogonia is a key stage to regulate the amount of the sperm produced in response to the hormonal regulators, and the cytoplasmic liberation of PGP 9.5 may serve as a pivotal phenomenon that enables the fully restorable, transient suppression of spermatogenesis in primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tokunaga
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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