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Bazan NG, Molina MF, Gordon WC. Docosahexaenoic acid signalolipidomics in nutrition: significance in aging, neuroinflammation, macular degeneration, Alzheimer's, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Annu Rev Nutr 2011; 31:321-51. [PMID: 21756134 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are critical nutritional lipids that must be obtained from the diet to sustain homeostasis. Omega-3 and -6 PUFAs are key components of biomembranes and play important roles in cell integrity, development, maintenance, and function. The essential omega-3 fatty acid family member docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is avidly retained and uniquely concentrated in the nervous system, particularly in photoreceptors and synaptic membranes. DHA plays a key role in vision, neuroprotection, successful aging, memory, and other functions. In addition, DHA displays anti-inflammatory and inflammatory resolving properties in contrast to the proinflammatory actions of several members of the omega-6 PUFAs family. This review discusses DHA signalolipidomics, comprising the cellular/tissue organization of DHA uptake, its distribution among cellular compartments, the organization and function of membrane domains rich in DHA-containing phospholipids, and the cellular and molecular events revealed by the uncovering of signaling pathways regulated by DHA and docosanoids, the DHA-derived bioactive lipids, which include neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), a novel DHA-derived stereoselective mediator. NPD1 synthesis agonists include neurotrophins and oxidative stress; NPD1 elicits potent anti-inflammatory actions and prohomeostatic bioactivity, is anti-angiogenic, promotes corneal nerve regeneration, and induces cell survival. In the context of DHA signalolipidomics, this review highlights aging and the evolving studies on the significance of DHA in Alzheimer's disease, macular degeneration, Parkinson's disease, and other brain disorders. DHA signalolipidomics in the nervous system offers emerging targets for pharmaceutical intervention and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Bazan NG. Cellular and molecular events mediated by docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1 signaling in photoreceptor cell survival and brain protection. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 81:205-11. [PMID: 19520558 PMCID: PMC2756692 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is associated with impaired visual and neurological postnatal development, cognitive decline, macular degeneration, and other neurodegenerative diseases. DHA is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acyl chain concentrated in phospholipids of brain and retina, with photoreceptor cells displaying the highest content of DHA of all cell membranes. The identification and characterization of neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1, 10R, 17S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid) contributes in understanding the biological significance of DHA. In oxidative stress-challenged human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, human brain cells, or rat brains undergoing ischemia-reperfusion, NPD1 synthesis is enhanced as a response for sustaining homeostasis. Thus, neurotrophins, Abeta peptide 42 (Abeta42), calcium ionophore A23187, interleukin (IL)-1beta, or DHA supply enhances NPD1 synthesis. NPD1, in turn, up-regulates the antiapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family and decreases the expression of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members. Moreover, NPD1 inhibits IL-1beta-stimulated expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Because both RPE and photoreceptors are damaged and then die in retinal degenerations, elucidating how NPD1 signaling contributes to retinal cell survival may lead to a new understanding of disease mechanisms. In human neural cells, DHA attenuates amyloid-beta (Abeta) secretion, resulting in concomitant formation of NPD1. NPD1 was found to be reduced in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) cornu ammonis region 1 (CA1) hippocampal region, but not in other areas of the brain. The expression of key enzymes for NPD1 biosynthesis, cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) was found altered in the AD hippocampal CA1 region. NPD1 repressed Abeta42-triggered activation of pro-inflammatory genes and upregulated the antiapoptotic genes encoding Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and Bfl-1(A1) in human brain cells in culture. Overall, these results support the concept that NPD1 promotes brain and retina cell survival via the induction of antiapoptotic and neuroprotective gene-expression programs that suppress Abeta42-induced neurotoxicity and other forms of cell injury, which in turn fosters homeostasis during development in aging, as well as during the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite D, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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BAZAN NICOLASG, MARCHESELLI VICTORL, COLE-EDWARDS KASIE. Brain Response to Injury and Neurodegeneration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2005.tb00018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bazan NG. The Onset of Brain Injury and Neurodegeneration Triggers the Synthesis of Docosanoid Neuroprotective Signaling. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2006; 26:901-13. [PMID: 16897369 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-006-9064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive lipid messengers are formed through phospholipase-mediated cleavage of specific phospholipids from membrane reservoirs. Effectors that activate the synthesis of lipid messengers, include ion channels, neurotransmitters, membrane depolarization, cytokines, and neurotrophic factors. In turn, lipid messengers regulate and interact with multiple pathways, participating in the development, differentiation, function (e.g., long-term potentiation and memory), protection, and repair of cells of the nervous system. Overall, bioactive lipids participate in the regulation of synaptic function and dysfunction. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) and COX-2-synthesized PGE(2) modulate synaptic plasticity and memory. Oxidative stress disrupts lipid signaling, fosters lipid peroxidation, and initiates and propagates neurodegeneration. Lipid messengers participate in the interactions among neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, cells of the microvasculature, and other cells. A conglomerate of interrelated cells comprises the neurovascular unit. Signaling at the neurovascular unit is clearly altered in the early stages of cerebrovascular disease as well as in neurodegenerations. Here we will provide examples of how signaling by lipids regulates critical events essential for neuronal survival. We will highlight a newly identified, DHA-derived messenger, neuroprotectin D1, which attenuates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. The specificity and potency of this novel docosanoid (neuroprotectin D1) indicate a potentially important target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas G Bazan
- LSU Neuroscience Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine in New Orleans, New Orleans 70112, USA.
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Bazan NG. Cell survival matters: docosahexaenoic acid signaling, neuroprotection and photoreceptors. Trends Neurosci 2006; 29:263-71. [PMID: 16580739 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent data have provided important clues about the molecular mechanisms underlying certain retinal degenerative diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. Photoreceptor cell degeneration is a feature common to these diseases, and the death of these cells in many instances seems to involve the closely associated retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Under normal circumstances, both cell types are subject to potentially damaging stimuli (e.g. sunlight and high oxygen tension). However, the mechanism or mechanisms by which homeostasis is maintained in this part of the eye, which is crucial for sight, are an unsolved riddle. The omega-3 fatty acid family member docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is enriched in these cells, is the precursor of neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1). NPD1 inhibits oxidative-stress-mediated proinflammatory gene induction and apoptosis, and consequently promotes RPE cell survival. This enhanced understanding of the molecular basis of endogenous anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective signaling in the RPE presents an opportunity for the development of therapies for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas G Bazan
- LSU Neuroscience Center of Excellence and Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine in New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Bazan NG. Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1): a DHA-derived mediator that protects brain and retina against cell injury-induced oxidative stress. Brain Pathol 2005; 15:159-66. [PMID: 15912889 PMCID: PMC8095981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2005.tb00513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of oxygenated arachidonic acid messengers triggered by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion is preceded by an early and rapid phospholipase A2 activation reflected in free arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accumulation. These fatty acids are released from membrane phospholipids. Both fatty acids are derived from dietary essential fatty acids; however, only DHA, the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acyl chain, is concentrated in phospholipids of various cells of brain and retina. Synaptic membranes and photoreceptors share the highest content of DHA of all cell membranes. DHA is involved in memory formation, excitable membrane function, photoreceptor cell biogenesis and function, and neuronal signaling, and has been implicated in neuroprotection. In addition, this fatty acid is required for retinal pigment epithelium cell (RPE) functional integrity. Here we provide an overview of the recent elucidation of a specific mediator generated from DHA that contributes at least in part to its biological significance. In oxidative stress-challenged human RPE cells and rat brain undergoing ischemia-reperfusion, 10,17S-docosatriene (neuroprotectin D1, NPD1) synthesis evolves. In addition, calcium ionophore A23187, IL-1beta, or the supply of DHA enhances NPD1 synthesis. A time-dependent release of endogenous free DHA followed by NPD1 formation occurs, suggesting that a phospholipase A2 releases the mediator's precursor. When NPD1 is infused during ischemia-reperfusion or added to RPE cells during oxidative stress, apoptotic DNA damage is down-regulated. NPD1 also up-regulates the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins Bcl-2 and BclxL and decreases pro-apoptotic Bax and Bad expression. Moreover, NPD1 inhibits oxidative stress-induced caspase-3 activation. NPD1 also inhibits IL-1beta-stimulated expression of COX-2. Overall, NPD1 protects cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Because photoreceptors are progressively impaired after RPE cell damage in retinal degenerative diseases, understanding of how these signals contribute to retinal cell survival may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. Moreover, NPD1 bioactivity demonstrates that DHA is not only a target of lipid peroxidation, but rather is the precursor to a neuroprotective signaling response to ischemia-reperfusion, thus opening newer avenues of therapeutic exploration in stroke, neurotrauma, spinal cord injury, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, aiming to up-regulate this novel cell-survival signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas G Bazan
- LSU Neuroscience Center and Department of Opthamology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans 70112, USA.
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Giusto NM, Pasquaré SJ, Salvador GA, Castagnet PI, Roque ME, Ilincheta de Boschero MG. Lipid metabolism in vertebrate retinal rod outer segments. Prog Lipid Res 2000; 39:315-91. [PMID: 10856601 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7827(00)00009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N M Giusto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CC 857, B 8000 FWB, Bahia Blanca, Argentina.
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Olsson NU, Salem N. Molecular species analysis of phospholipids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 692:245-56. [PMID: 9188812 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of phospholipid molecular species composition provides detailed structural information concerning various lipids and thus offers descriptions of crucial determinants of membrane physical and biological properties. Various methods differing in labor intensity, mode of separation and detection, type of calibration, as well as other factors, have been published. Thus precision and accuracy are expected to vary considerably between methods. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of different procedures for molecular species analysis of individual phospholipid classes are discussed in this review. Special emphasis has been given to the characterization of biological tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- N U Olsson
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Aveldaño MI. Long and very long polyunsaturated fatty acids of retina and spermatozoa: the whole complement of polyenoic fatty acid series. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1992; 318:231-42. [PMID: 1636492 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3426-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M I Aveldaño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Bell MV, Tocher DR. Molecular species composition of the major phospholipids in brain and retina from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Occurrence of high levels of di-(n-3)polyunsaturated fatty acid species. Biochem J 1989; 264:909-15. [PMID: 2619717 PMCID: PMC1133671 DOI: 10.1042/bj2640909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular-species compositions of the diacyl classes of the major phospholipids from the brain and retina of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were determined. A total of 46 possible species was identified. Didocosahexaenoyl species were major components of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) from retina, comprising 14.1, 41.3 and 28.3% of the respective totals. This species was also abundant in PE and PS from brain, accounting for 14.9 and 19.9% of the totals respectively. Small amounts of di-polyunsaturated fatty acid species [C22:6(n-3) with C20:5(n-3), and C22:6(n-3) with C22:5(n-3)] were also found in these phospholipids. Phosphatidylinositol (PI) from both tissues contained no di-polyunsaturated fatty acid species. Retinal PI contained 40.1% C18:0-C20:4(n-6) with 14.9% of C18:0-C20:5(n-3); brain PI contained 42.3% of C18:0-C20:5 and 10.4% of C18:0-C20:4 species. Brain PC contained a substantial amount of nervonic acid-containing species with the pair C18:1-C24:1/C24:1-C18:1 comprising 8.9% of the total.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Bell
- NERC Unit of Aquatic Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biological Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland, U.K
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Bazan NG. Arachidonic acid in the modulation of excitable membrane function and at the onset of brain damage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 559:1-16. [PMID: 2672938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb22594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N G Bazan
- Louisiana State University Medical School, Louisiana State University, Eye Center and Neuroscience Center, New Orleans 70112
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Aveldaño MI. A novel group of very long chain polyenoic fatty acids in dipolyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines from vertebrate retina. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)75767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Bazan NG, Birkle DL. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inositol phospholipids at the synapse in neuronal responsiveness. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1987; 221:45-68. [PMID: 3324694 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7618-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N G Bazan
- Louisiana State University Medical School, LSU Eye Center, New Orleans 70112
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Bazan NG, Reddy TS, Bazan HE, Birkle DL. Metabolism of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in the retina. Prog Lipid Res 1986; 25:595-606. [PMID: 3122231 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(86)90122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N G Bazan
- LSU Eye Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans 70112
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Birkle DL, Bazan NG. Chapter 11 The arachidonic acid cascade and phospholipid and docosahexaenoic acid metabolism in the retina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0278-4327(86)90014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Aveldaño MI, Pasquare de Garcia SJ, Bazán NG. Biosynthesis of molecular species of inositol, choline, serine, and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids in the bovine retina. J Lipid Res 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Molecular species of phosphatidylcholine, -ethanolamine, -serine, and -inositol in microsomal and photoreceptor membranes of bovine retina. J Lipid Res 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Bazan NG, Silvia di Fazio de Escalante M, Careaga MM, Bazan HE, Giusto NM. High content of 22:6 (docosahexaenoate) and active [2-3H]glycerol metabolism of phosphatidic acid from photoreceptor membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 712:702-6. [PMID: 6215065 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(82)90301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the content, fatty acid composition and [2-3H]glycerol metabolism of phosphatidic acid of rod outer segment membranes from vertebrate retinas. A relatively high content of phosphatidic acid was observed in rod outer segment membranes isolated from rat, toad and bovine retinas. In bovine retinas, about 65% of the acyl groups of phosphatidic acid were composed of docosahexaenoate. Arachidonate and docosapentaenoate represented about 4 and 5%, respectively, of the total, whereas stearate was the most common saturated acyl chain. An active [2-3H]glycerol metabolism in the phosphatidic acid of these membranes was found when whole retinas were incubated with the precursor for short periods prior to subcellular fractionation. Our results suggested that the pool of phosphatidic acid enriched in docosahexaenoate may arise from de novo biosynthesis or from phospholipid degradation by a phospholipase D enzyme, and that it is not metabolically related, in any major fashion, to the diacylglycerols of rod outer segment membranes.
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Wiegand RD, Anderson RE. Determination of molecular species of rod outer segment phospholipids. Methods Enzymol 1982; 81:297-304. [PMID: 7098872 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(82)81046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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