Messenger RNAs of mouse hepatitis virus A59: isolation and characterization, translation in Xenopus laevis oocytes of RNAs 3, 6 and 7, UV target sizes of the transcription templates

Temperature-sensitive mutants of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59: isolation, characterization and neuropathogenic properties

Twenty 5-fluorouracil-induced temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 were isolated from 1284 virus clones. Mutants were preselected on the basis of their inability to induce syncytia in infected cells at the restrictive temperature (40 degrees) vs the permissive temperature (31 degrees). Of these mutants, only those with a relative plating efficiency 40 degrees/31 degrees of 3 x 10(-3) or smaller were kept. Virus yields at 40 degrees compared to 37 degrees and 31 degrees (leakiness) were determined. Most mutants (16) were RNA-, i.e., unable to synthesize virus-specific RNA at the restrictive temperature. The other four were RNA+. No qualitative differences were detected in the virus-specific RNAs in cells infected with RNA+ ts-mutants, both at 31 degrees and 40 degrees. Virus-specific proteins present in cells infected with ts-171 (RNA-) and the RNA+-mutants (ts-43, ts-201, ts-209, and ts-279) were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitates. No qualitative differences in the pattern of virus-specific cellular proteins were detected among the mutants except for an additional polypeptide of about 46,000 daltons in ts-209-infected cells. Finally, the neuropathogenic properties of eight of the mutants were investigated. Whereas 10(2) PFU of wild-type virus injected intracerebrally killed 50 to 100% of 4-week-old Balc/c mice within 1 week, the mutants were highly attenuated. A dose of 10(5) PFU lead to no or transient disease. However, 4 weeks after infection with ts-342, ts-43, or ts-201 obvious histological changes were observed in brain and spinal cord of clinically healthy mice.

Synthesis of subgenomic mRNA's of mouse hepatitis virus is initiated independently: evidence from UV transcription mapping

The target sizes of the templates for the synthesis of the genome-sized RNA and the six subgenomic RNAs found in cells infected with mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 were determined by UV transcription mapping. Infected Sac(-) cells were irradiated at 6 h postinfection, the time when virus-specific RNA synthesis starts to increase exponentially. The effect of increasing UV doses on the synthesis of the individual RNAs was determined by quantitation of these RNAs after separation by agarose gel electrophoresis. The UV target sizes calculated for the templates were almost identical to the physical sizes of the RNAs. The results of these experiments seem to exclude the possibility that the subgenomic RNAs are processed or spliced from a common precursor. The data are consistent with independent initiation of transcription on a genome-sized, negative-stranded template or on smaller templates.