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Wang Z, Wang T, Chen X, Lv L, Luo Y, Gu W. ALTMAN: A Novel Method for Cell Cycle Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:37780-37788. [PMID: 39281911 PMCID: PMC11391549 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Accurate analysis of S-phase fraction is crucial for the assessment of cell proliferation levels, tumor malignancy and prognostic effects of treatment. Most of the currently developed methods for S-phase cell analysis rely on flow cytometric analysis of DNA content determination. However, the lack of standardized procedures for sample analysis and interpretation of cell cycle fitting graphs poses a significant limitation in clinical practice for utilizing flow cytometry to measure the cell cycle based on DNA content. Herein, we developed an approach for analyzing S-phase cells based on telomerase activity determination. Briefly, this approach distinguishes S-phase cells in cell populations via direct fluorescence tracking of telomerase activity within individual cells. The dynamic analysis of telomerase activity in different cell cycles was made possible by the ALTMAN strategy developed in our previous studies, which has been successfully employed to distinguish S-phase cells in cultured cells. This method offers a novel avenue for the assessment of cell cycle status and the evaluation of the proliferation status of tumor cells and the prognosis effect of tumor patients via analyzing the differences in telomerase activity during different cell cycle processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zining Wang
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Wang
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fuling Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 408099, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Linxi Lv
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Luo
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gu
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Cell cycle involves a series of changes that lead to cell growth and division. Cell cycle analysis is crucial to understand cellular responses to changing environmental conditions. Since its inception, flow cytometry has been particularly useful for cell cycle analysis at single cell level due to its speed and precision. Previously, flow cytometric cell cycle analysis relied solely on the measurement of cellular DNA content. Later, methods were developed for multiparametric analysis. This review explains the journey of flow cytometry to understand different molecular and cellular events underlying cell cycle using various protocols. Recent advances in the field that overcome the shortcomings of traditional flow cytometry and expand its scope for cell cycle studies are also discussed.
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Li S, Zhu A, Ren K, Li S, Chen L. DEFA1B inhibits ZIKV replication and retards cell cycle progression through interaction with ORC1. Life Sci 2020; 263:118564. [PMID: 33075374 PMCID: PMC7567675 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aims Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes a public health concern because of its potential association with the development of microcephaly. During viral infections, the host innate immune response is mounted quickly to produce some endogenous functional molecules to limit virus replication and spread. Exosomes contain molecules from their cell of origin following virus infection and can enter recipient cells for intercellular communication. Here, we aim to clarify whether ZIKV-induced exosomes can regulate viral pathogenicity by transferring specific RNAs. Main methods In this study, exosomes were isolated from the supernatants of A549 cells with or without ZIKV infection. Human transcriptome array (HTA) was performed to analyze the profiling of RNAs wrapped in exosomes. Then qPCR, western blotting and ELISA were used to determine ZIKV replication. CCK-8 and flow cytometry were used to test the cell proliferation and cell cycles. Co-culture assay was used to analyze the effect of exosomes on the cell cycles of recipient cells. Key findings Through human transcriptome array (HTA) we found the defensin alpha 1B (DEFA1B) expression was significantly increased within exosomes isolated from ZIKV infected A549 cells. Additionally, we found that the extracellular DEFA1B exerts significant anti-ZIKV activity, mainly before ZIKV entering host cells. Interestingly, up-regulated DEFA1B retards the cell cycle of host cells. Further studies demonstrated that DEFA1B interacted with the origin recognition complex 1 (ORC1) which is required to initiate DNA replication during the cell cycle and increased DEFA1B expression decreased the ORC1 level in the cell nuclei. Accordingly, DEFA1B-containing exosomes can be internalized by the recipient cells to retard their cell cycles. Significance Together, our results demonstrated that the anti-ZIKV activity of DEFA1B can be mediated by exosomes, and DEFA1B interacts with ORC1 to retard cell cycles. Our study provides a novel concept that DEFA1B not only acts as an antiviral molecule during ZIKV infection but also may correlate with cell proliferation by retarding the progression of cell cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610052, China.
| | - Anjing Zhu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610052, China
| | - Kai Ren
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610052, China
| | - Shilin Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610052, China
| | - Limin Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610052, China; Toronto General Research Institute, University of Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada.
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LncRNA-OBFC2A targeted to Smad3 regulated Cyclin D1 influences cell cycle arrest induced by 1,4-benzoquinone. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Lo YH, Li CS, Chen HL, Chiang CY, Huang CC, Tu TJ, Lo TH, Choy DF, Arron JR, Chen HY, Liu FT. Galectin-8 Is Upregulated in Keratinocytes by IL-17A and Promotes Proliferation by Regulating Mitosis in Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:503-511.e9. [PMID: 32805218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that develops under the influence of the IL-23/T helper 17 cell axis and is characterized by intense inflammation and prominent epidermal hyperplasia. In this study, we demonstrate that galectin-8, a β-galactoside‒binding lectin, is upregulated in the epidermis of human psoriatic skin lesions as well as in a mouse model of psoriasis induced by intradermal IL-23 injections and in IL-17A‒treated keratinocytes. We show that keratinocyte proliferation is less prominent in galectin-8‒knockout mice after intradermal IL-23 treatment than in wild-type mice. In addition, we show that galectin-8 levels in keratinocytes are positively correlated with the ability of the cells to proliferate and that transitioning from mitosis into G1 phase is delayed in galectin-8‒knockout HaCaT cells after cell-cycle synchronization and release. We demonstrate by immunofluorescence staining and immunoblotting the presence of galectin-8 within the mitotic apparatus. We reveal by coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis that α-tubulin interacts with galectin-8 during mitosis. Finally, we show that in the absence of galectin-8, pericentrin compactness is lessened and mitotic microtubule length is shortened, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining. We conclude that galectin-8 is upregulated in psoriasis and contributes to the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes by maintaining centrosome integrity during mitosis through interacting with α-tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hsin Lo
- Department of Dermatology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shan Li
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cho-Ying Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jui Tu
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Han Lo
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.
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Rodríguez-Martínez M, Hills SA, Diffley JFX, Svejstrup JQ. Multiplex Cell Fate Tracking by Flow Cytometry. Methods Protoc 2020; 3:E50. [PMID: 32709120 PMCID: PMC7565161 DOI: 10.3390/mps3030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring differences in cell cycle progression is often essential to understand cell behavior under different conditions, treatments and environmental changes. Cell synchronization is widely used for this purpose, but unfortunately, there are many cases where synchronization is not an option. Many cell lines, patient samples or primary cells cannot be synchronized, and most synchronization methods involve exposing the cells to stress, which makes the method incompatible with the study of stress responses such as DNA damage. The use of dual-pulse labelling using EdU and BrdU can potentially overcome these problems, but the need for individual sample processing may introduce a great variability in the results and their interpretation. Here, we describe a method to analyze cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by double staining with thymidine analogues in combination with fluorescent cell barcoding, which allows one to multiplex the study and reduces the variability due to individual sample staining, reducing also the cost of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rodríguez-Martínez
- Mechanisms of Transcription Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stephanie A. Hills
- Chromosome Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; (S.A.H.); (J.F.X.D.)
| | - John F. X. Diffley
- Chromosome Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; (S.A.H.); (J.F.X.D.)
| | - Jesper Q. Svejstrup
- Mechanisms of Transcription Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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Goepp M, Le Guennec D, Rossary A, Vasson MP. Cell Cycle Synchronization of the Murine EO771 Cell Line Using Double Thymidine Block Treatment. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900116. [PMID: 32643186 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study shows that double thymidine block treatment efficiently arrests the EO771 cells in the S-phase without altering cell growth or survival. A long-term analysis of cell behavior, using 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate N-succinimidyl ester (CFSE) staining, show synchronization to be stable and consistent over time. The EO771 cell line is a medullary breast-adenocarcinoma cell line isolated from a spontaneous murine mammary tumor, and can be used to generate murine tumor implantation models. Different biological (serum or amino acid deprivation), physical (elutriation, mitotic shake-off), or chemical (colchicine, nocodazole, thymidine) treatments are widely used for cell synchronization. Of the different methods tested, the double thymidine block is the most efficient for synchronization of murine EO771 cells if a large quantity of highly synchronized cells is recommended to study functional and biochemical events occurring in specific points of cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Goepp
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 1019 INRAE-UCA, UNH (Human Nutrition Unity), ECREIN Team, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Delphine Le Guennec
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 1019 INRAE-UCA, UNH (Human Nutrition Unity), ECREIN Team, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Adrien Rossary
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 1019 INRAE-UCA, UNH (Human Nutrition Unity), ECREIN Team, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Marie-Paule Vasson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 1019 INRAE-UCA, UNH (Human Nutrition Unity), ECREIN Team, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Unité de Nutrition, CHU, Centre Jean Perrin, CLARA, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
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Wu X, Li Z, Shen Y. The small molecule CS1 inhibits mitosis and sister chromatid resolution in HeLa cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1134-1147. [PMID: 29410075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitosis, the most dramatic event in the cell cycle, involves the reorganization of virtually all cellular components. Antimitotic agents are useful for dissecting the mechanism of this reorganization. Previously, we found that the small molecule CS1 accumulates cells in G2/M phase [1], but the mechanism of its action remains unknown. METHODS Cell cycle analysis, live cell imaging and nuclear staining were used. Chromosomal morphology was detected by chromosome spreading. The effects of CS1 on microtubules were confirmed by tubulin polymerization, colchicine tubulin-binding, cellular tubulin polymerization and immunofluorescence assays and by analysis of microtubule dynamics and molecular modeling. Histone phosphoproteomics was performed using mass spectrometry. Cell signaling cascades were analyzed using immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, siRNA knockdown and chemical inhibition of specific proteins. RESULTS The small molecule CS1 was shown to be an antimitotic agent. CS1 potently inhibited microtubule polymerization via interaction with the colchicine-binding pocket of tubulin in vitro and inhibited the formation of the spindle apparatus by reducing the bulk of growing microtubules in HeLa cells, which led to activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and mitotic arrest of HeLa cells. Compared with colchicine, CS1 impaired the progression of sister chromatid resolution independent of cohesin dissociation, and this was reversed by the removal of CS1. Additionally, CS1 induced unique histone phosphorylation patterns distinct from those induced by colchicine. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE CS1 is a unique antimitotic small molecule and a powerful tool with unprecedented value over colchicine that makes it possible to specifically and conditionally perturb mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingkang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR China
| | - Yuemao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China.
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Ramalho MJ, Loureiro JA, Gomes B, Frasco MF, Coelho MAN, Pereira MC. PLGA nanoparticles as a platform for vitamin D-based cancer therapy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:1306-18. [PMID: 26199834 PMCID: PMC4505177 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles were studied as drug delivery vehicles for calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D3. In vitro effects of calcitriol encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles were evaluated with respect to free calcitriol on human pancreatic cell lines, S2-013 and hTERT-HPNE, and the lung cancer cell line A549. Encapsulated calcitriol retained its biological activity, reducing the cell growth. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that encapsulation of calcitriol enhanced its inhibitory effect on cell growth at a concentration of 2.4 μM for the S2-013 cells (91%) and for A549 cells (70%) comparared to the free calcitriol results. At this concentration the inhibitory effect on nontumor cells (hTERT-HPNE) decreased to 65%. This study highlights the ability of PLGA nanoparticles to deliver vitamin D3 into cancer cells, with major effects regarding cancer cell cycle arrest and major changes in the cell morphological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Ramalho
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana A Loureiro
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Gomes
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela F Frasco
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel A N Coelho
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Carmo Pereira
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Dexmedetomidine attenuates oxidative stress induced lung alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis in vitro. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:358396. [PMID: 25838866 PMCID: PMC4369905 DOI: 10.1155/2015/358396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the lung injuries of critical ill patients. This study investigates the protection conferred by α2 adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine (Dex) from lung alveolar epithelial cell injury induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the underlying mechanisms. Methods. The lung alveolar epithelial cell line, A549, was cultured and then treated with 500 μM H2O2 with or without Dex (1 nM) or Dex in combination with atipamezole (10 nM), an antagonist of α2 receptors. Their effect on mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry. Cleaved-caspases 3 and 9, BAX, Bcl-2, phospho-mTOR (p-mTOR), ERK1/2, and E-cadherin expression were also determined with immunocytochemistry. Results. Upregulation of cleaved-caspases 3 and 9 and BAX and downregulation of Bcl-2, p-mTOR, and E-cadherin were found following H2O2 treatment, and all of these were reversed by Dex. Dex also prevented the ROS generation, cytochrome C release, and cell cycle arrest induced by H2O2. The effects of Dex were partially reversed by atipamezole. Conclusion. Our study demonstrated that Dex protected lung alveolar epithelial cells from apoptotic injury, cell cycle arrest, and loss of cell adhesion induced by H2O2 through enhancing the cell survival and proliferation.
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