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Makanya AN, Jimoh SA, Maina JN. Methods of In Ovo and Ex Ovo Ostrich Embryo Culture with Observations on the Development and Maturation of the Chorioallantoic Membrane. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1523-1530. [PMID: 37488818 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Culture of shell-free and windowed eggs for drug testing and other experiments has been perfected for smaller eggs such as those of chickens, where the developing blood vessels of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) become accessible for manipulative studies. However, due to the thickness and hardness of the ostrich egg shell, such techniques are not applicable. Using a tork craft mini rotary and a drill bit, we established windowed egg, in-shell-membrane windowed egg, and in-shell-membrane shell-free methods in the ostrich egg, depending on whether the shell membranes were retained or not. Concomitant study of the developing CAM revealed that at embryonic day 16 (E16), the three layers of the CAM were clearly delineated and at E25, the chorionic capillaries had fused with the epithelium while the CAM at E37 had reached maturity and the chorion and the allantois were both 3-4 times thicker and villous cavity (VC) and capillary-covering cells were well delineated. Both intussusceptive and sprouting angiogenesis were found to be the predominant modes of vascular growth in the ostrich CAM. Development and maturation of the ostrich CAM are similar to those of the well-studied chicken egg, albeit its incubation time being twice in duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Makanya
- Department of Vet Anatomy & Physiology, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sikiru A Jimoh
- Department of Human Biology, Walter Sisulu University, Nelson Mandela Drive, Private Bag X1, UNITRA 5117, Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - John N Maina
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Guidolin D, Tortorella C, Ribatti D. Detection of Possible Symmetries in Vascular Networks by Computer-Assisted Image Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2572:167-180. [PMID: 36161416 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2703-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The possible forms that vascular networks may assume are significantly constrained by complex demands in terms of efficient delivery of oxygen and resources throughout the entire body. Because of these constraints the search for systematic patterns in the structural features of vascular networks and of their correlation with physiological needs and pathological conditions (such as tumor angiogenesis) represents an important line of morphological research. In this context, symmetry properties of vascular trees received limited attention, although symmetry is a widespread phenomenon, visible in all forms and scales in natural environments, and represents a significant information to describe a shape. In the present chapter three, image analysis-based methods allowing for the detection of possible symmetry features exhibited by vascular trees will be detailed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Guidolin D, Tortorella C, Ribatti D. Spatial Statistics-Based Image Analysis Methods for the Study of Vascular Morphogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2206:67-88. [PMID: 32754812 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0916-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several studies are available addressing the mechanisms of vascular morphogenesis in order to unravel how cooperative cell behavior can follow from the underlying, genetically regulated behavior of endothelial cells and from cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. From the morphological standpoint several aspects of the process are of interest. They include the way the pattern of vessels fills the available tissue space and how the network grows during the angiogenic process, namely how a main trunk divides into smaller branches, and how branching occurs at different distances from the root point of a vascular tree. A third morphological aspect of interest concerns the spatial relationship between vessels and tissue cells able to secrete factors modulating endothelial cells self-organization, thus influencing vascular rearrangement.In the present chapter image analysis methods allowing for a quantitative characterization of these morphological aspects will be detailed and discussed. They are almost based on concepts derived from the theoretical framework represented by spatial statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Ansari R, Zhang EZ, Desjardins AE, Beard PC. All-optical forward-viewing photoacoustic probe for high-resolution 3D endoscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:75. [PMID: 30323927 PMCID: PMC6177463 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A miniature forward-viewing endoscopic probe that provides high-resolution 3D photoacoustic images is demonstrated. The probe is of outer diameter 3.2 mm and comprised of a transparent Fabry-Pérot (FP) polymer-film ultrasound sensor that is located at the distal end of a rigid optical fiber bundle. Excitation laser pulses are coupled simultaneously into all cores of the bundle and are transmitted through the FP sensor to provide wide-field tissue illumination at the distal end. The resulting photoacoustic waves are mapped in 2D by sequentially scanning the input end of the bundle with an interrogation laser beam in order to individually address different points on the FP sensor. In this way, the sensor acts as a high-density ultrasound array that is comprised of 50,000 individual elements, each of which is 12 µm in diameter, within the 3.2 mm diameter footprint of the probe. The fine spatial sampling that this affords, along with the wide bandwidth (f -3dB = 34 MHz) of the sensor, enables a high-resolution photoacoustic image to be reconstructed. The measured on-axis lateral resolution of the probe was depth-dependent and ranged from 45-170 µm for depths between 1 and 7 mm, and the vertical resolution was 31 µm over the same depth range. The system was evaluated by acquiring 3D images of absorbing phantoms and the microvascular anatomies of a duck embryo and mouse skin. Excellent image fidelity was demonstrated. It is anticipated that this type of probe could find application as a tool for guiding laparoscopic procedures, fetal surgery and other minimally invasive interventions that require a millimeter-scale forward-viewing 3D photoacoustic imaging probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehman Ansari
- Department Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London, W1W 7EJ UK
| | - Edward Z. Zhang
- Department Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London, W1W 7EJ UK
| | - Adrien E. Desjardins
- Department Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London, W1W 7EJ UK
| | - Paul C. Beard
- Department Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London, W1W 7EJ UK
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