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Aguero T, Newman K, King ML. Microinjection of Xenopus Oocytes. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2018; 2018:pdb.prot096974. [PMID: 29321284 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot096974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microinjection of Xenopus oocytes has proven to be a valuable tool in a broad array of studies that require expression of DNA or RNA into functional protein. These studies are diverse and range from expression cloning to receptor-ligand interaction to nuclear programming. Oocytes offer a number of advantages for such studies, including their large size (∼1.2 mm in diameter), capacity for translation, and enormous nucleus (0.3-0.4 mm). They are cost effective, easily manipulated, and can be injected in large numbers in a short time period. Oocytes have a large maternal stockpile of all the essential components for transcription and translation. Consequently, the investigator needs only to introduce by microinjection the specific DNA or RNA of interest for synthesis. Oocytes translate virtually any exogenous RNA regardless of source, and the translated proteins are folded, modified, and transported to the correct cellular locations. Here we present procedures for the efficient microinjection of oocytes and their subsequent care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Aguero
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Karen Newman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Mary Lou King
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
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Jullien J, Vodnala M, Pasque V, Oikawa M, Miyamoto K, Allen G, David SA, Brochard V, Wang S, Bradshaw C, Koseki H, Sartorelli V, Beaujean N, Gurdon J. Gene Resistance to Transcriptional Reprogramming following Nuclear Transfer Is Directly Mediated by Multiple Chromatin-Repressive Pathways. Mol Cell 2017; 65:873-884.e8. [PMID: 28257702 PMCID: PMC5344684 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of resistance of genes to reactivation will help improve the success of nuclear reprogramming. Using mouse embryonic fibroblast nuclei with normal or reduced DNA methylation in combination with chromatin modifiers able to erase H3K9me3, H3K27me3, and H2AK119ub1 from transplanted nuclei, we reveal the basis for resistance of genes to transcriptional reprogramming by oocyte factors. A majority of genes is affected by more than one type of treatment, suggesting that resistance can require repression through multiple epigenetic mechanisms. We classify resistant genes according to their sensitivity to 11 chromatin modifier combinations, revealing the existence of synergistic as well as adverse effects of chromatin modifiers on removal of resistance. We further demonstrate that the chromatin modifier USP21 reduces resistance through its H2AK119 deubiquitylation activity. Finally, we provide evidence that H2A ubiquitylation also contributes to resistance to transcriptional reprogramming in mouse nuclear transfer embryos. Identification of genes resistant to direct transcriptional reprogramming Determination of resistant gene sensitivity to 11 chromatin modifier combinations USP21 removes resistance through its H2AK119 deubiquitylation activity USP21 improves the reprogramming of gene expression in two-cell-stage mouse embryos
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Jullien
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.
| | - Munender Vodnala
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Vincent Pasque
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mami Oikawa
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - George Allen
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Sarah Anne David
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Vincent Brochard
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Stan Wang
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charles Bradshaw
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, North Research Building, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Vittorio Sartorelli
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nathalie Beaujean
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - John Gurdon
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
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