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Gulberti A, Schneider TR, Galindo-Leon EE, Heise M, Pino A, Westphal M, Hamel W, Buhmann C, Zittel S, Gerloff C, Pötter-Nerger M, Engel AK, Moll CKE. Premotor cortical beta synchronization and the network neuromodulation of externally paced finger tapping in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 197:106529. [PMID: 38740349 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the disruption of repetitive, concurrent and sequential motor actions due to compromised timing-functions principally located in cortex-basal ganglia (BG) circuits. Increasing evidence suggests that motor impairments in untreated PD patients are linked to an excessive synchronization of cortex-BG activity at beta frequencies (13-30 Hz). Levodopa and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) suppress pathological beta-band reverberation and improve the motor symptoms in PD. Yet a dynamic tuning of beta oscillations in BG-cortical loops is fundamental for movement-timing and synchronization, and the impact of PD therapies on sensorimotor functions relying on neural transmission in the beta frequency-range remains controversial. Here, we set out to determine the differential effects of network neuromodulation through dopaminergic medication (ON and OFF levodopa) and STN-DBS (ON-DBS, OFF-DBS) on tapping synchronization and accompanying cortical activities. To this end, we conducted a rhythmic finger-tapping study with high-density EEG-recordings in 12 PD patients before and after surgery for STN-DBS and in 12 healthy controls. STN-DBS significantly ameliorated tapping parameters as frequency, amplitude and synchrony to the given auditory rhythms. Aberrant neurophysiologic signatures of sensorimotor feedback in the beta-range were found in PD patients: their neural modulation was weaker, temporally sluggish and less distributed over the right cortex in comparison to controls. Levodopa and STN-DBS boosted the dynamics of beta-band modulation over the right hemisphere, hinting to an improved timing of movements relying on tactile feedback. The strength of the post-event beta rebound over the supplementary motor area correlated significantly with the tapping asynchrony in patients, thus indexing the sensorimotor match between the external auditory pacing signals and the performed taps. PD patients showed an excessive interhemispheric coherence in the beta-frequency range during the finger-tapping task, while under DBS-ON the cortico-cortical connectivity in the beta-band was normalized. Ultimately, therapeutic DBS significantly ameliorated the auditory-motor coupling of PD patients, enhancing the electrophysiological processing of sensorimotor feedback-information related to beta-band activity, and thus allowing a more precise cued-tapping performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gulberti
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Till R Schneider
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edgar E Galindo-Leon
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Heise
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Pino
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manfred Westphal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hamel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Buhmann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Zittel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gerloff
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Monika Pötter-Nerger
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas K Engel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian K E Moll
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Zoefel B, Gilbert RA, Davis MH. Intelligibility improves perception of timing changes in speech. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279024. [PMID: 36634109 PMCID: PMC9836318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Auditory rhythms are ubiquitous in music, speech, and other everyday sounds. Yet, it is unclear how perceived rhythms arise from the repeating structure of sounds. For speech, it is unclear whether rhythm is solely derived from acoustic properties (e.g., rapid amplitude changes), or if it is also influenced by the linguistic units (syllables, words, etc.) that listeners extract from intelligible speech. Here, we present three experiments in which participants were asked to detect an irregularity in rhythmically spoken speech sequences. In each experiment, we reduce the number of possible stimulus properties that differ between intelligible and unintelligible speech sounds and show that these acoustically-matched intelligibility conditions nonetheless lead to differences in rhythm perception. In Experiment 1, we replicate a previous study showing that rhythm perception is improved for intelligible (16-channel vocoded) as compared to unintelligible (1-channel vocoded) speech-despite near-identical broadband amplitude modulations. In Experiment 2, we use spectrally-rotated 16-channel speech to show the effect of intelligibility cannot be explained by differences in spectral complexity. In Experiment 3, we compare rhythm perception for sine-wave speech signals when they are heard as non-speech (for naïve listeners), and subsequent to training, when identical sounds are perceived as speech. In all cases, detection of rhythmic regularity is enhanced when participants perceive the stimulus as speech compared to when they do not. Together, these findings demonstrate that intelligibility enhances the perception of timing changes in speech, which is hence linked to processes that extract abstract linguistic units from sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Zoefel
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CerCo), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Rebecca A. Gilbert
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew H. Davis
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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You got rhythm, or more: The multidimensionality of rhythmic abilities. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:1370-1392. [PMID: 35437703 PMCID: PMC9614186 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Humans have a remarkable capacity for perceiving and producing rhythm. Rhythmic competence is often viewed as a single concept, with participants who perform more or less accurately on a single rhythm task. However, research is revealing numerous sub-processes and competencies involved in rhythm perception and production, which can be selectively impaired or enhanced. To investigate whether different patterns of performance emerge across tasks and individuals, we measured performance across a range of rhythm tasks from different test batteries. Distinct performance patterns could potentially reveal separable rhythmic competencies that may draw on distinct neural mechanisms. Participants completed nine rhythm perception and production tasks selected from the Battery for the Assessment of Auditory Sensorimotor and Timing Abilities (BAASTA), the Beat Alignment Test (BAT), the Beat-Based Advantage task (BBA), and two tasks from the Burgundy best Musical Aptitude Test (BbMAT). Principal component analyses revealed clear separation of task performance along three main dimensions: production, beat-based rhythm perception, and sequence memory-based rhythm perception. Hierarchical cluster analyses supported these results, revealing clusters of participants who performed selectively more or less accurately along different dimensions. The current results support the hypothesis of divergence of rhythmic skills. Based on these results, we provide guidelines towards a comprehensive testing of rhythm abilities, including at least three short tasks measuring: (1) rhythm production (e.g., tapping to metronome/music), (2) beat-based rhythm perception (e.g., BAT), and (3) sequence memory-based rhythm processing (e.g., BBA). Implications for underlying neural mechanisms, future research, and potential directions for rehabilitation and training programs are discussed.
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MacIntyre AD, Cai CQ, Scott SK. Pushing the envelope: Evaluating speech rhythm with different envelope extraction techniques. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 151:2002. [PMID: 35364952 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The amplitude of the speech signal varies over time, and the speech envelope is an attempt to characterise this variation in the form of an acoustic feature. Although tacitly assumed, the similarity between the speech envelope-derived time series and that of phonetic objects (e.g., vowels) remains empirically unestablished. The current paper, therefore, evaluates several speech envelope extraction techniques, such as the Hilbert transform, by comparing different acoustic landmarks (e.g., peaks in the speech envelope) with manual phonetic annotation in a naturalistic and diverse dataset. Joint speech tasks are also introduced to determine which acoustic landmarks are most closely coordinated when voices are aligned. Finally, the acoustic landmarks are evaluated as predictors for the temporal characterisation of speaking style using classification tasks. The landmark that performed most closely to annotated vowel onsets was peaks in the first derivative of a human audition-informed envelope, consistent with converging evidence from neural and behavioural data. However, differences also emerged based on language and speaking style. Overall, the results show that both the choice of speech envelope extraction technique and the form of speech under study affect how sensitive an engineered feature is at capturing aspects of speech rhythm, such as the timing of vowels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ceci Qing Cai
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie K Scott
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, United Kingdom
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Bouwer FL, Nityananda V, Rouse AA, ten Cate C. Rhythmic abilities in humans and non-human animals: a review and recommendations from a methodological perspective. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200335. [PMID: 34420380 PMCID: PMC8380979 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic behaviour is ubiquitous in both human and non-human animals, but it is unclear whether the cognitive mechanisms underlying the specific rhythmic behaviours observed in different species are related. Laboratory experiments combined with highly controlled stimuli and tasks can be very effective in probing the cognitive architecture underlying rhythmic abilities. Rhythmic abilities have been examined in the laboratory with explicit and implicit perception tasks, and with production tasks, such as sensorimotor synchronization, with stimuli ranging from isochronous sequences of artificial sounds to human music. Here, we provide an overview of experimental findings on rhythmic abilities in human and non-human animals, while critically considering the wide variety of paradigms used. We identify several gaps in what is known about rhythmic abilities. Many bird species have been tested on rhythm perception, but research on rhythm production abilities in the same birds is lacking. By contrast, research in mammals has primarily focused on rhythm production rather than perception. Many experiments also do not differentiate between possible components of rhythmic abilities, such as processing of single temporal intervals, rhythmic patterns, a regular beat or hierarchical metrical structures. For future research, we suggest a careful choice of paradigm to aid cross-species comparisons, and a critical consideration of the multifaceted abilities that underlie rhythmic behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue 'Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur L. Bouwer
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94242, 1090 CE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 15900, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivek Nityananda
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Henry Wellcome Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Andrew A. Rouse
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Carel ten Cate
- Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Shi ER, Zhang Q. A domain-general perspective on the role of the basal ganglia in language and music: Benefits of music therapy for the treatment of aphasia. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2020; 206:104811. [PMID: 32442810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In addition to cortical lesions, mounting evidence on the links between language and the subcortical regions suggests that subcortical lesions may also lead to the emergence of aphasic symptoms. In this paper, by emphasizing the domain-general function of the basal ganglia in both language and music, we highlight that rhythm processing, the function of temporal prediction, motor programming and execution, is an important shared mechanism underlying the treatment of non-fluent aphasia with music therapy. In support of this, we conduct a literature review on the music therapy treating aphasia. The results show that rhythm processing plays a key role in Melodic Intonation Therapy in the rehabilitation of non-fluent aphasia patients with lesions on the basal ganglia. This paper strengthens the correlation between the basal ganglia lesions and language deficits, and provides support to the direction of taking advantage of rhythm as an important point in music therapy in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Ruoyang Shi
- Department of Catalan Philology and General Linguistics, University of Barcelona, Gran Via de Les Corts Catalanes, 585, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen Universtiy, Waihuan East Road, No. 132, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Calabrò RS, Naro A, Filoni S, Pullia M, Billeri L, Tomasello P, Portaro S, Di Lorenzo G, Tomaino C, Bramanti P. Walking to your right music: a randomized controlled trial on the novel use of treadmill plus music in Parkinson's disease. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2019; 16:68. [PMID: 31174570 PMCID: PMC6555981 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-019-0533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS) can compensate for the loss of automatic and rhythmic movements in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the effects of RAS are still poorly understood. We aimed at identifying which mechanisms sustain gait improvement in a cohort of patients with PD who practiced RAS gait training. METHODS We enrolled 50 patients with PD who were randomly assigned to two different modalities of treadmill gait training using GaitTrainer3 with and without RAS (non_RAS) during an 8-week training program. We measured clinical, kinematic, and electrophysiological effects of both the gait trainings. RESULTS We found a greater improvement in Functional Gait Assessment (p < 0.001), Tinetti Falls Efficacy Scale (p < 0.001), Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (p = 0.001), and overall gait quality index (p < 0.001) following RAS than non_RAS training. In addition, the RAS gait training induced a stronger EEG power increase within the sensorimotor rhythms related to specific periods of the gait cycle, and a greater improvement of fronto-centroparietal/temporal electrode connectivity than the non_RAS gait training. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study suggest that the usefulness of cueing strategies during gait training consists of a reshape of sensorimotor rhythms and fronto-centroparietal/temporal connectivity. Restoring the internal timing mechanisms that generate and control motor rhythmicity, thus improving gait performance, likely depends on a contribution of the cerebellum. Finally, identifying these mechanisms is crucial to create patient-tailored, RAS-based rehabilitative approaches in PD. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03434496 . Registered 15 February 2018, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy.
| | - Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Serena Filoni
- Fondazione Centri di Riabilitazione Padre Pio Onlus, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Massimo Pullia
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Luana Billeri
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Provvidenza Tomasello
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Portaro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Lorenzo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Tomaino
- Institute for Music and Neurologic Function, Mount Vernon, NY, USA
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, S.S. 113, 98124, Messina, Italy
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Braun Janzen T, Haase M, Thaut MH. Rhythmic priming across effector systems: A randomized controlled trial with Parkinson’s disease patients. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 64:355-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Koshimori Y, Thaut MH. Future perspectives on neural mechanisms underlying rhythm and music based neurorehabilitation in Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:133-139. [PMID: 30005957 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized primarily by a dysfunctional basal ganglia (BG) system, producing motor and non-motor symptoms. A significant number of studies have demonstrated that rhythmic auditory stimulation can improve gait and other motor behaviors in PD that are not well managed by the conventional therapy. As music, being highly complex stimulus, can modulate brain activity/function in distributed areas of brain, the therapeutic properties of music potentially extend to alleviate non-motor symptoms of PD. Despite the clinical, behavioral evidence and promises of rhythm and music based interventions, the neural substrates underlying the effectiveness are poorly understood. The goal of this review is to appraise the current state of knowledge in order to direct further neuroimaging studies that help to determine the therapeutic effects of rhythm and music based interventions for motor and non-motor symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Koshimori
- Music and Health Science Research Center, Faculty of Music and Collaborative Programs in Neuroscience, University of Toronto, 90 Wellesley Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1C5, Canada.
| | - Michael H Thaut
- Music and Health Science Research Center, Faculty of Music and Collaborative Programs in Neuroscience, University of Toronto, 90 Wellesley Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1C5, Canada
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Asano R, Seifert U. Commentary: The Evolution of Musicality: What Can Be Learned from Language Evolution Research? Front Neurosci 2018; 12:640. [PMID: 30283293 PMCID: PMC6156452 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Asano
- Systematic Musicology, Institute of Musicology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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11
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Weigmann K. Feel the beat: Music exploits our brain's ability to predict and the dopamine-reward system to instill pleasure. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:359-362. [PMID: 28126726 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201743904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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12
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Interactive roles of the cerebellum and striatum in sub-second and supra-second timing: Support for an initiation, continuation, adjustment, and termination (ICAT) model of temporal processing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:739-755. [PMID: 27773690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Hartcher-O'Brien J, Brighouse C, Levitan CA. A single mechanism account of duration and rate processing via the pacemaker-accumulator and beat frequency models. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016; 8:268-275. [PMID: 27294175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Time is an essential dimension of our environment that allows us to extract meaningful information about speed of movement, speech, motor actions and fine motor control. Traditionally, models of time have tried to quantify how the brain might process the duration of an event. The most commonly cited are the pacemaker-accumulator model and the beat frequency model of interval timing, which explain how duration is perceived, represented and encoded. Here we posit such models as providing a powerful tool for simultaneously extracting, representing and encoding stimulus rate information. That is, any model that can process duration has all the information needed to code stimulus rate. We explore different processing strategies which would enable rate to be read off from both the pacemaker-accumulator and beat frequency model of interval timing. Finally we explore open questions that, when answered, will shed light upon potential mechanisms for duration and rate estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn Brighouse
- Department of Philosophy, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
| | - Carmel A Levitan
- Department of Cognitive Science, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
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Kotz SA, Schmidt-Kassow M. Basal ganglia contribution to rule expectancy and temporal predictability in speech. Cortex 2015; 68:48-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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