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Chien WC, Tsai TF. The Pressurized Skin: A Review on the Pathological Effect of Mechanical Pressure on the Skin from the Cellular Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15207. [PMID: 37894888 PMCID: PMC10607711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since human skin is the primary interface responding to external mechanical stimuli, extrinsic forces can disrupt its balanced microenvironment and lead to cutaneous lesions. We performed this review to delve into the pathological effects of mechanical pressure on skin from the cellular perspective. Fibroblasts of different subsets act as heterogeneous responders to mechanical load and express diverse functionalities. Keratinocytes relay mechanical signals through mechanosensitive receptors and the ensuing neurochemical cascades to work collaboratively with other cells and molecules in response to pressure. Mast cells release cytokines and neuropeptides, promoting inflammation and facilitating interaction with sensory neurons, while melanocytes can be regulated by pressure through cellular and molecular crosstalk. Adipocytes and stem cells sense pressure to fine-tune their regulations of mechanical homeostasis and cell differentiation. Applying mechanical pressure to the skin can induce various changes in its microenvironment that potentially lead to pathological alterations, such as ischemia, chronic inflammation, proliferation, regeneration, degeneration, necrosis, and impaired differentiation. The heterogeneity of each cellular lineage and subset from different individuals with various underlying skin conditions must be taken into consideration when discussing the pathological effects of pressure on the skin. Thus, elucidating the mechanotransduction and mechanoresponsive pathways from the cellular viewpoint is crucial in diagnosing and managing relevant dermatological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Chien
- Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Tsen-Fang Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Ekman AK, Bivik Eding C, Rundquist I, Enerbäck C. IL-17 and IL-22 Promote Keratinocyte Stemness in the Germinative Compartment in Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1564-1573.e8. [PMID: 30684548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disorder characterized by the hyperproliferation of basal epidermal cells. It is regarded as T-cell mediated, but the role of keratinocytes (KCs) in the disease pathogenesis has reemerged, with genetic studies identifying KC-associated genes. We applied flow cytometry on KCs from lesional and nonlesional epidermis to characterize the phenotype in the germinative compartment in psoriasis, and we observed an overall increase in the stemness markers CD29 (2.4-fold), CD44 (2.9-fold), CD49f (2.8-fold), and p63 (1.4-fold). We found a reduced percentage of cells positive for the early differentiation marker cytokeratin 10 and a greater fraction of CD29+ and involucrin+ cells in the psoriasis KCs than in nonlesional KCs. The up-regulation of stemness markers was more pronounced in the K10+ cells. Furthermore, the psoriasis cells were smaller, indicating increased proliferation. Treatment with IL-17 and IL-22 induced a similar expression pattern of an up-regulation of p63, CD44, and CD29 in normal KCs and increased the colony-forming efficiency and long-term proliferative capacity, reflecting increased stem cell-like characteristics in the KC population. These data suggest that IL-17 and IL-22 link the inflammatory response to the immature differentiation and epithelial regeneration by acting directly on KCs to promote cell stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin Ekman
- Ingrid Asp Psoriasis Research Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Bivik Eding
- Ingrid Asp Psoriasis Research Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Rundquist
- Ingrid Asp Psoriasis Research Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Enerbäck
- Ingrid Asp Psoriasis Research Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Moayedi Y, Greenberg SA, Jenkins BA, Marshall KL, Dimitrov LV, Nelson AM, Owens DM, Lumpkin EA. Camphor white oil induces tumor regression through cytotoxic T cell-dependent mechanisms. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:722-734. [PMID: 30582219 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive derivatives from the camphor laurel tree, Cinnamomum camphora, are posited to exhibit chemopreventive properties but the efficacy and mechanism of these natural products are not fully understood. We tested an essential-oil derivative, camphor white oil (CWO), for anti-tumor activity in a mouse model of keratinocyte-derived skin cancer. Daily topical treatment with CWO induced dramatic regression of pre-malignant skin tumors and a two-fold reduction in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. We next investigated underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. In cultured keratinocytes, CWO stimulated calcium signaling, resulting in calcineurin-dependent activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). In vivo, CWO induced transcriptional changes in immune-related genes identified by RNA-sequencing, resulting in cytotoxic T cell-dependent tumor regression. Finally, we identified chemical constituents of CWO that recapitulated effects of the admixture. Together, these studies identify T cell-mediated tumor regression as a mechanism through which a plant-derived essential oil diminishes established tumor burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Moayedi
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sophie A Greenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Blair A Jenkins
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Kara L Marshall
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Lina V Dimitrov
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Aislyn M Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David M Owens
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ellen A Lumpkin
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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Zhao J, Liu YC, Shi YH, Xie YQ, Cui HP, Li Y, Li XJ, Ren LQ. Role of rat autologous skin fibroblasts and mechanism underlying the repair of depressed scars. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:945-950. [PMID: 27446300 PMCID: PMC4950163 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to provide reliable experimental evidence for the application of autologous skin fibroblasts (asFbs) in the repair of depressed scars. In the experiments, depressed trauma was induced in male Wistar rats, and fibroblasts were separated from the removed skin tissues to culture in medium. In vitro cultured asFbs were injected into the depressed scar sites of rats, and the repair function of asFbs in the depressed scars was then examined at the cellular and whole-animal levels. The expression levels of type I and type III collagen in the dermal layer of the skin injected with asFb cells were significantly higher, as compared with those of the control, and type I collagen expression was significantly higher compared with Type III. Re-injection of asFbs into the dermal layer of depressed scars can markedly improve their repair. These results may prove useful for skin repair in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Chun Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hua Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Qin Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Peng Cui
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Jun Li
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical School of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Li-Qun Ren
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical School of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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