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Heinze T, Ebert F, Ott C, Nagel J, Eberhagen C, Zischka H, Schwerdtle T. Subzero project: comparing trace element profiles of enriched mitochondria fractions from frozen and fresh liver tissue. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05400-y. [PMID: 38960940 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
From organs to subcellular organelles, trace element (TE) homeostasis is fundamental for many physiological processes. While often overlooked in early stages, manifested TE disbalance can have severe health consequences, particularly in the context of aging or pathological conditions. Monitoring TE concentrations at the mitochondrial level could identify organelle-specific imbalances, contributing to targeted diagnostics and a healthier aging process. However, mitochondria isolation from frozen tissue is challenging, as it poses the risk of TE losses from the organelles due to cryodamage, but would significantly ease routine laboratory work. To address this, a novel method to isolate an enriched mitochondria fraction (EMF) from frozen tissue was adapted from already established protocols. Validation of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) quantification via inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) showed sufficiently low quantification limits for EMF TE analysis. Successful mitochondrial enrichment from frozen liver samples was confirmed via immunoblots and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed sufficient structural integrity of the EMFs. No significant differences in EMF TEs between frozen and fresh tissue were evident for Mn and Cu and only slight decreases in EMF Fe. Consequently, EMF TEs were highly comparable for isolates from both tissue states. In application, this method effectively detected dietary differences in EMF Fe of a murine feeding study and identified the disease status in a Wilson disease rat model based on drastically increased EMF Cu. In summary, the present method is suitable for future applications, facilitating sample storage and high-throughput analyses of mitochondrial TEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Heinze
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
- TraceAge - DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Franziska Ebert
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Christiane Ott
- TraceAge - DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Judith Nagel
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Carola Eberhagen
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany.
- TraceAge - DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany.
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Kabiri Y, Eberhagen C, Schmitt S, Knolle PA, Zischka H. Isolation and Electron Microscopic Analysis of Liver Cancer Cell Mitochondria. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2277:277-287. [PMID: 34080157 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1270-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Isolation of mitochondria is a crucial method for examining molecular details of this organelle's manifold functions. Historically, mitochondrial isolations required large amounts of sample material which impeded their isolation from cultured cells. We have therefore developed a method allowing for controlled and reproducible isolation of intact and functional mitochondria from diverse cell types in culture. Here we provide a methodological update of this approach together with a protocol for the subsequent analysis of such isolated mitochondria by electron microscopy. Combining the isolation procedure with this powerful imaging method can reveal ultrastructural mitochondrial peculiarities in disease settings that might not be evident in intact cells and allows for assessment of mitochondrial membrane integrity and sample purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaschar Kabiri
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carola Eberhagen
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Schmitt
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Oncology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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3
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Qi R, Kang Y, Li X, Zhang X, Han Y, Cai R, Gao Y, Qi Y. Forsythiasides-Rich Extract From Forsythiae Fructus Inhibits Mast Cell Degranulation by Enhancing Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Uptake. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:696729. [PMID: 34194333 PMCID: PMC8237228 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.696729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) activated via IgE/FcεRI or MAS-related G protein coupled receptor (Mrgpr)-mediated pathway can release granules that play prominent roles in hypersensitivity reactions. Forsythiae Fructus, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, has been clinically used for allergic diseases. Although previous studies indicated that Forsythiae Fructus extract inhibited compound 48/80-induced histamine release from MCs, its effect on IgE-dependent MC degranulation and possible underlying mechanisms remain to be explored. Herein, we prepared the forsythiasides-rich extract (FRE) and investigated its action on MC degranulation and explored its underlying mechanism. Our data showed that FRE could dampen IgE/FcεRI- and Mrgpr-mediated MC degranulation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanism study indicated that FRE decreased cytosolic Ca2+ (Ca2+[c]) level rapidly and reversibly. Moreover, FRE decreased Ca2+[c] of MCs independent of plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA), sarco/endoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX). While, along with Ca2+[c] decrease, the increase of mitochondrial Ca2+ (Ca2+[m]) occurred simultaneously in FRE-treated RBL-2H3 cells. In the isolated mitochondria, FRE also promoted the subcellular organelle to uptake more extramitochondrial Ca2+. In conclusion, by increasing Ca2+[m] uptake, FRE decreases Ca2+[c] level to suppress MC degranulation. Our findings may provide theoretical support for the clinical application of Forsythiae Fructus on allergy and other MC-involved diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Kang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ximeng Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Runlan Cai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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4
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Mitochondrial Regulation of the 26S Proteasome. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108059. [PMID: 32846138 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is the main proteolytic system for targeted protein degradation in the cell and is fine-tuned according to cellular needs. Here, we demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction and concomitant metabolic reprogramming of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle reduce the assembly and activity of the 26S proteasome. Both mitochondrial mutations in respiratory complex I and treatment with the anti-diabetic drug metformin impair 26S proteasome activity. Defective 26S assembly is reversible and can be overcome by supplementation of aspartate or pyruvate. This metabolic regulation of 26S activity involves specific regulation of proteasome assembly factors via the mTORC1 pathway. Of note, reducing 26S activity by metformin confers increased resistance toward the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, which is reversible upon pyruvate supplementation. Our study uncovers unexpected consequences of defective mitochondrial metabolism for proteasomal protein degradation in the cell, which has important pathophysiological and therapeutic implications.
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Gao Y, Zhang X, Li X, Qi R, Han Y, Kang Y, Cai R, Peng C, Qi Y. Aloe-emodin, a naturally occurring anthraquinone, is a highly potent mast cell stabilizer through activating mitochondrial calcium uniporter. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114476. [PMID: 33607072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells play a fundamental role in immune system. Upon stimulation, they are activated via IgE dependent or independent pathway and then release granules which contain plenty of preformed constituents. Mast cell stabilizers are commonly used clinically for inhibiting the degranulation of mast cells. In the current study, we firstly identified aloe-emodin, a naturally occurring anthraquinone, was a prominent mast cell stabilizer. It could strikingly dampen IgE/FcεRI- and MAS-related G protein coupled receptor (Mrgpr)-mediated mast cell degranulation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanism study indicated that aloe-emodin rapidly and reversibly decreased cytosolic Ca2+ (Ca2+[c]) concentration through enhancing the mitochondrial Ca2+ (Ca2+[m]) uptake. After genetically silencing or pharmacologic inhibiting mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), the effects of aloe-emodin on the Ca2+[c] level and mast cell degranulation were significantly weakened. In contrast to six clinical drugs with mast cell stabilizing properties (amlexanox, tranilast, ketotifen, cromolyn disodium salt, dexamethasone and pimecrolimus), aloe-emodin showed an impressive and potent inhibitory action on the mast cell degranulation. Collectively, aloe-emodin is a highly potent mast cell stabilizer. By directly activating MCU, it decreases Ca2+[c] level to suppress mast cell degranulation. Our study may provide a promising candidate for the treatment of mast cell activation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ximeng Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruijuan Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yixin Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Kang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Runlan Cai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
| | - Yun Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Abstract
Isolated mitochondria are useful to study fundamental processes including mitochondrial respiration, metabolic activity, protein import, membrane fusion, protein complex assembly, as well as interactions of mitochondria with the cytoskeleton, nuclear encoded mRNAs, and other organelles. In addition, studies of the mitochondrial proteome, phosphoproteome, and lipidome are dependent on preparation of highly purified mitochondria (Boldogh, Vojtov, Karmon, & Pon, 1998; Cui, Conte, Fox, Zara, & Winge, 2014; Marc et al., 2002; Meeusen, McCaffery, & Nunnari, 2004; Reinders et al., 2007; Schneiter et al., 1999; Stuart & Koehler, 2007). Most methods to isolate mitochondria rely on differential centrifugation, a two-step centrifugation carried out at low speed to remove intact cells, cell and tissue debris, and nuclei from whole cell extracts followed by high speed centrifugation to concentrate mitochondria and separate them from other organelles. However, methods to disrupt cells and tissue vary. Moreover, density gradient centrifugation or affinity purification of the organelle are used to further purify mitochondria or to separate different populations of the organelle. Here, we describe protocols to isolate mitochondria from different cells and tissues as well as approaches to assess the purity and integrity of isolated organelles.
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Intracellular Neuroprotective Mechanisms in Neuron-Glial Networks Mediated by Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1036907. [PMID: 31827666 PMCID: PMC6885812 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1036907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has a pronounced neuroprotective effect in various nervous system pathologies, including ischaemic brain damage and neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we studied the effect of GDNF on the ultrastructure and functional activity of neuron-glial networks during acute hypoxic exposure, a key damaging factor in numerous brain pathologies. We analysed the molecular mechanisms most likely involved in the positive effects of GDNF. Hypoxia modelling was performed on day 14 of culturing primary hippocampal cells obtained from mouse embryos (E18). GDNF (1 ng/ml) was added to the culture medium 20 min before oxygen deprivation. Acute hypoxia-induced irreversible changes in the ultrastructure of neurons and astrocytes led to the loss of functional Сa2+ activity and neural network disruption. Destructive changes in the mitochondrial apparatus and its functional activity characterized by an increase in the basal oxygen consumption rate and respiratory chain complex II activity during decreased stimulated respiration intensity were observed 24 hours after hypoxic injury. At a concentration of 1 ng/ml, GDNF maintained the functional metabolic network activity in primary hippocampal cultures and preserved the structure of the synaptic apparatus and number of mature chemical synapses, confirming its neuroprotective effect. GDNF maintained the normal structure of mitochondria in neuronal outgrowth but not in the soma. Analysis of the possible GDNF mechanism revealed that RET kinase, a component of the receptor complex, and the PI3K/Akt pathway are crucial for the neuroprotective effect of GDNF. The current study also revealed the role of GDNF in the regulation of HIF-1α transcription factor expression under hypoxic conditions.
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Dilberger B, Baumanns S, Schmitt F, Schmiedl T, Hardt M, Wenzel U, Eckert GP. Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Impairs Energy Metabolism and Reduces Stress Resistance and Longevity of C. elegans. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6840540. [PMID: 31827694 PMCID: PMC6885289 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6840540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mitochondria supply cellular energy and are key regulators of intrinsic cell death and consequently affect longevity. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is frequently used for lifespan assays. Using paraquat (PQ) as a generator of reactive oxygen species, we here describe its effects on the acceleration of aging and the associated dysfunctions at the level of mitochondria. METHODS Nematodes were incubated with various concentrations of paraquat in a heat-stress resistance assay (37°C) using nucleic staining. The most effective concentration was validated under physiological conditions, and chemotaxis was assayed. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was measured using rhodamine 123, and activity of respiratory chain complexes determined using a Clark-type electrode in isolated mitochondria. Energetic metabolites in the form of pyruvate, lactate, and ATP were determined using commercial kits. Mitochondrial integrity and structure was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Live imaging after staining with fluorescent dyes was used to measure mitochondrial and cytosolic ROS. Expression of longevity- and mitogenesis-related genes were evaluated using qRT-PCR. RESULTS PQ (5 mM) significantly increased ROS formation in nematodes and reduced the chemotaxis, the physiological lifespan, and the survival in assays for heat-stress resistance. The number of fragmented mitochondria significantly increased. The ∆Ψm, the activities of complexes I-IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and the levels of pyruvate and lactate were significantly reduced, whereas ATP production was not affected. Transcript levels of genetic marker genes, atfs-1, atp-2, skn-1, and sir-2.1, were significantly upregulated after PQ incubation, which implicates a close connection between mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress response. Expression levels of aak-2 and daf-16 were unchanged. CONCLUSION Using paraquat as a stressor, we here describe the association of oxidative stress, restricted energy metabolism, and reduced stress resistance and longevity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans making it a readily accessible in vivo model for mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Dilberger
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Baumanns
- Molecular Nutrition Research, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian Schmitt
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tommy Schmiedl
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Hardt
- Imaging Unit, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Uwe Wenzel
- Molecular Nutrition Research, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gunter P. Eckert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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9
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Single organelle analysis to characterize mitochondrial function and crosstalk during viral infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8492. [PMID: 31186476 PMCID: PMC6560178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44922-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key for cellular metabolism and signalling processes during viral infection. We report a methodology to analyse mitochondrial properties at the single-organelle level during viral infection using a recombinant adenovirus coding for a mitochondrial tracer protein for tagging and detection by multispectral flow cytometry. Resolution at the level of tagged individual mitochondria revealed changes in mitochondrial size, membrane potential and displayed a fragile phenotype during viral infection of cells. Thus, single-organelle and multi-parameter resolution allows to explore altered energy metabolism and antiviral defence by tagged mitochondria selectively in virus-infected cells and will be instrumental to identify viral immune escape and to develop and monitor novel mitochondrial-targeted therapies.
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10
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Farah NK, Liu X, Wu CH, Wu GY. An Improved Method for Preparation of Uniform and Functional Mitochondria from Fresh Liver. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2019; 7:46-50. [PMID: 30944819 PMCID: PMC6441644 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2018.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: As the major energy source for mammalian cells, mitochondria have been the subject of numerous studies. However, the isolation and purification of healthy mitochondria, especially from fresh tissue, remains challenging. The most popular methods and kits involve various centrifugation steps which require substantial time and equipment but do not consistently provide pure preparations of functional mitochondria. The aim of this study was to determine whether methods could be devised to improve the purity and yield of functional mitochondria from fresh tissue. Methods: Fresh mouse liver was homogenized, and cells lysed. Particle size analysis, quantitation of mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial oxygen consumption, and purity of mitochondria (by electron microscopy) were measured in samples after various purification steps and significant differences determined. Results: A two-step procedure consisting of centrifugation followed by filtration through 1.2μ and 0.8μ filters resulted in uniform mitochondrial preparations with diameters between 520-540 nm, and approximately 5-times more pure samples. The mitochondria thus obtained had oxygen consumption and sensitivities to mitochondrial inhibitors that were indistinguishable from those purified by centrifugation alone. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of more uniform and 4-5 times greater concentrations of mitochondria compared to centrifugation alone. Conclusions: A two-step procedure consisting of sequential centrifugation followed by filtration is a rapid method for the production of highly purified, uniform and functional mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagham Khouri Farah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Xiaocong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
- *Correspondence to: Xiaocong Liu, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA. Tel: +1-860-679-2509, Fax: +860-679-6582, E-mail:
| | - Catherine H. Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - George Y. Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Mishchenko TA, Mitroshina EV, Usenko AV, Voronova NV, Astrakhanova TA, Shirokova OM, Kastalskiy IA, Vedunova MV. Features of Neural Network Formation and Their Functions in Primary Hippocampal Cultures in the Context of Chronic TrkB Receptor System Influence. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1925. [PMID: 30687128 PMCID: PMC6335358 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering the mechanisms underlying homeostatic regulation in brain neural network formation and stability processes is one of the most urgent tasks in modern neuroscience. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptor system have long been considered the main regulators of neuronal survival and differentiation. The elucidation of methods for studying neural network activity makes investigating the complex mechanisms underlying neural network structure reorganization during development and detecting new mechanisms for neuronal activity remodeling possible. In this in vitro study, we investigated the effects of chronic BDNF (the main TrkB stimulator) and ANA-12 (a TrkB receptor system blocker) administration on the formation of neural-glial networks. The formation of spontaneous bioelectrical activity and functional neural structure depend on TrkB receptors, and blocking TrkB receptors inhibits full bioelectrical activity development. Cross-correlation analysis demonstrated the decisive role of TrkB in the formation and “strengths” of activity centers. Even though an appropriate ANA-12 concentration is non-toxic to nerve cells, numerous cells in culture medium containing this reagent do not exhibit metabolic activity and are not functionally involved in signal transmission processes. Electron microscopy studies revealed that chronically influencing the TrkB receptor system significantly alters synaptic and mitochondrial apparatus capture in cells, and functional analysis of mitochondrial activity confirmed these findings. Because knowledge of interactions between TrkB-mediated regulation and the mitochondrial state under normal conditions is rather limited, data on these relationships are particularly interesting and require further investigation. Thus, we assume that the molecular cascades mediated by TrkB actively participate in the formation of functionally complete brain neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Mishchenko
- Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Molecular and Cell Technologies Group, Central Scientific Research Laboratory, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Elena V Mitroshina
- Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Molecular and Cell Technologies Group, Central Scientific Research Laboratory, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Usenko
- Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Natalia V Voronova
- Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Tatiana A Astrakhanova
- Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Olesya M Shirokova
- Molecular and Cell Technologies Group, Central Scientific Research Laboratory, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Innokentiy A Kastalskiy
- Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Maria V Vedunova
- Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Nguyen K, Aggarwal MB, Feng C, Balderrama G, Fazio M, Mortazavi A, Spitale RC. Spatially Restricting Bioorthogonal Nucleoside Biosynthesis Enables Selective Metabolic Labeling of the Mitochondrial Transcriptome. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1474-1479. [PMID: 29756767 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The cellular RNA pool in animals arises from two separate genomes stored in the nucleus and multiple mitochondria. Chemical methods to track nascent RNA synthesis are unable to distinguish between these two with stringency. Herein, we report that spatially restricting bioorthogonal nucleoside biosynthesis enables, for the first time, selective metabolic labeling of the RNA transcribed in the mitochondria. We envision that this approach could open the door for heretofore-impossible analyses of mitochondrial RNA. Beyond our results revealed herein, our approach provides a roadmap for researchers to begin to design strategies to examine biomolecules within subcellular compartments.
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13
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Wang M, Li S, Wang F, Zou J, Zhang Y. Aerobic exercise regulates blood lipid and insulin resistance via the toll‑like receptor 4‑mediated extracellular signal‑regulated kinases/AMP‑activated protein kinases signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:8339-8348. [PMID: 29658605 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a complicated metabolic disease with symptoms of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, chronic damage and dysfunction of tissues, and metabolic syndrome for insufficient insulin production. Evidence has indicated that exercise treatments are essential in the progression of type‑ІІ diabetes mellitus, and affect insulin resistance and activity of islet β‑cells. In the present study, the efficacy and signaling mechanism of aerobic exercise on blood lipids and insulin resistance were investigated in the progression of type‑ІІ diabetes mellitus. Body weight, glucose metabolism and insulin serum levels were investigated in mouse models of type‑ІІ diabetes mellitus following experienced aerobic exercise. Expression levels of inflammatory factors, interleukin (IL)‑6, high‑sensitivity C‑reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor‑α and leucocyte differentiation antigens, soluble CD40 ligand in the serum were analyzed in the experimental mice. In addition, expression levels of toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR‑4) were analyzed in the liver cells of experimental mice. Changes of oxidative stress indicators, including reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, glutathione and catalase were examined in the liver cells of experimental mice treated by aerobic exercise. Expression levels and activity of extracellular signal‑regulated kinases (ERK) and AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways were investigated in the liver cells of mouse models of type‑ІІ diabetes mellitus after undergoing aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise decreased the expression levels of inflammatory factors in the serum of mouse models of type‑ІІ diabetes mellitus. The results indicated that aerobic exercise downregulated oxidative stress indicators in liver cells from mouse models of type‑ІІ diabetes mellitus. In addition, the ERK and AMPK signaling pathways were inactivated by aerobic exercise in liver cells in mouse models of type‑ІІ diabetes mellitus. The activity of ERK and AMPK, and the function of islet β‑cells were observed to be improved in experimental mice treated with aerobic exercise. Furthermore, blood lipid metabolism and insulin resistance were improved by treatment with aerobic exercise. Body weight and glucose concentration of serology was markedly improved in mouse models of type‑ІІ diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, TLR‑4 inhibition markedly promoted ERK and AMPK expression levels and activity. Thus, these results indicate that aerobic exercise may improve blood lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and glucose plasma concentration in mouse models of type‑ІІ diabetes mellitus. Thus indicating aerobic exercise is beneficial for improvement of blood lipid and insulin resistance via the TLR‑4‑mediated ERK/AMPK signaling pathway in the progression of type‑ІІ diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- State General Administration of Sports, Sports Science Institute, Mass Sports Research Center, Beijing 100061, P.R. China
| | - Sen Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Sports Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210033, P.R. China
| | - Fubaihui Wang
- State General Administration of Sports, Sports Science Institute, Mass Sports Research Center, Beijing 100061, P.R. China
| | - Jinhui Zou
- Guangxi Institute of Sports Science Mass Sports Research, Nanning, Guangxi 210014, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- State General Administration of Sports, Sports Science Institute, Mass Sports Research Center, Beijing 100061, P.R. China
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14
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Honrath B, Matschke L, Meyer T, Magerhans L, Perocchi F, Ganjam GK, Zischka H, Krasel C, Gerding A, Bakker BM, Bünemann M, Strack S, Decher N, Culmsee C, Dolga AM. SK2 channels regulate mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:761-773. [PMID: 28282037 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial calcium ([Ca2+]m) overload and changes in mitochondrial metabolism are key players in neuronal death. Small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels provide protection in different paradigms of neuronal cell death. Recently, SK channels were identified at the inner mitochondrial membrane, however, their particular role in the observed neuroprotection remains unclear. Here, we show a potential neuroprotective mechanism that involves attenuation of [Ca2+]m uptake upon SK channel activation as detected by time lapse mitochondrial Ca2+ measurements with the Ca2+-binding mitochondria-targeted aequorin and FRET-based [Ca2+]m probes. High-resolution respirometry revealed a reduction in mitochondrial respiration and complex I activity upon pharmacological activation and overexpression of mitochondrial SK2 channels resulting in reduced mitochondrial ROS formation. Overexpression of mitochondria-targeted SK2 channels enhanced mitochondrial resilience against neuronal death, and this effect was inhibited by overexpression of a mitochondria-targeted dominant-negative SK2 channel. These findings suggest that SK channels provide neuroprotection by reducing [Ca2+]m uptake and mitochondrial respiration in conditions, where sustained mitochondrial damage determines progressive neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Honrath
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lina Matschke
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tammo Meyer
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Magerhans
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabiana Perocchi
- Gene Center/Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Obesity and Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Goutham K Ganjam
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Krasel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gerding
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics & Systems Biology Center for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara M Bakker
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics & Systems Biology Center for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Moritz Bünemann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Strack
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Niels Decher
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Gao Y, Hou R, Fei Q, Fang L, Han Y, Cai R, Peng C, Qi Y. The Three-Herb Formula Shuang-Huang-Lian stabilizes mast cells through activation of mitochondrial calcium uniporter. Sci Rep 2017; 7:38736. [PMID: 28045016 PMCID: PMC5206722 DOI: 10.1038/srep38736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are key effector cells of IgE-FcεRI- or MrgprX2-mediated signaling event. Shuang-Huang-Lian (SHL), a herbal formula from Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been clinically used in type I hypersensitivity. Our previous study demonstrated that SHL exerted a non-negligible effect on MC stabilization. Herein, we sought to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the prominent anti-allergic ability of SHL. MrgprX2- and IgE-FcεRI-mediated MC activation in vitro and in vivo models were developed by using compound 48/80 (C48/80) and shrimp tropomyosin (ST), respectively. Our data showed that SHL markedly dampened C48/80- or ST-induced MC degranulation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic study indicated that cytosolic Ca2+ (Ca2+[c]) level decreased rapidly and sustainably after SHL treatment, and then returned to homeostasis when SHL was withdrawn. Moreover, SHL decreases Ca2+[c] levels mainly through enhancing the mitochondrial Ca2+ (Ca2+[m]) uptake. After genetically silencing or pharmacologic inhibiting mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), the effect of SHL on the Ca2+[c] level and MC degranulation was significantly weakened. Simultaneously, the activation of SHL on Ca2+[m] uptake was completely lost. Collectively, by activating MCU, SHL decreases Ca2+[c] level to stabilize MCs, thus exerting a remarkable anti-allergic activity, which could have considerable influences on clinical practice and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiaoling Fei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yixin Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Runlan Cai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Yun Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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