1
|
Sun L, Gang X, Li Z, Zhao X, Zhou T, Zhang S, Wang G. Advances in Understanding the Roles of CD244 (SLAMF4) in Immune Regulation and Associated Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648182. [PMID: 33841431 PMCID: PMC8024546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins in the signaling lymphocytic activating molecule (SLAM) family play crucial roles in regulating the immune system. CD244 (SLAMF4) is a protein in this family, and is also a member of the CD2 subset of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. CD244 is a cell surface protein expressed by NK cells, T cells, monocytes, eosinophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and dendritic cells. CD244 binds to the ligand CD48 on adjacent cells and transmits stimulatory or inhibitory signals that regulate immune function. In-depth studies reported that CD244 functions in many immune-related diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers, and its action is essential for the onset and progression of these diseases. The discovery of these essential roles of CD244 suggests it has potential as a prognostic indicator or therapeutic target. This review describes the molecular structure and function of CD244 and its roles in various immune cells and immune-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Naeimi Kararoudi M, Tullius BP, Chakravarti N, Pomeroy EJ, Moriarity BS, Beland K, Colamartino ABL, Haddad E, Chu Y, Cairo MS, Lee DA. Genetic and epigenetic modification of human primary NK cells for enhanced antitumor activity. Semin Hematol 2020; 57:201-212. [PMID: 33256913 PMCID: PMC7809645 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy using genetically modified immune cells such as those expressing chimeric antigen receptors has shown dramatic outcomes in patients with refractory and relapsed malignancies. Natural killer (NK) cells as a member of the innate immune system, possessing both anticancer (cytotoxic) and proinflammatory (cytokine) responses to cancers and rare off-target toxicities have great potential for a wide range of cancer therapeutic settings. Therefore, improving NK cell antitumor activity through genetic modification is of high interest in the field of cancer immunotherapy. However, gene manipulation in primary NK cells has been challenging because of broad resistance to many genetic modification methods that work well in T cells. Here we review recent successful approaches for genetic and epigenetic modification of NK cells including epigenetic remodeling, transposons, mRNA-mediated gene delivery, lentiviruses, and CRISPR gene targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Naeimi Kararoudi
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute of Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Brian P Tullius
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute of Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Nitin Chakravarti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emily J Pomeroy
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Kathie Beland
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Elie Haddad
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Dean A Lee
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute of Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gardenswartz A, Cairo MS. Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Transplantation in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Relapsed Mature B-Cell NHL. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020; 18:1135-1142. [PMID: 32755988 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2020.7617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although children, adolescents, and young adults with newly diagnosed B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma enjoy excellent overall survival with current chemoimmunotherapy, those with relapsed and/or refractory disease have a dismal prognosis. Although most clinicians would agree that hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation after reinduction therapy is frontline therapy for these patients, there is no consensus as to what type of hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation promises the best event-free and overall survival. This review outlines the disparate types of stem cell therapy that have been used in this difficult-to-treat population as well as the role of maintenance and CAR T-cell therapy in conjunction with stem cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Departments of Pediatrics.,Pathology.,Medicine.,Microbiology and Immunology, and.,Cell Biology and Anatomy, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shankar K, Capitini CM, Saha K. Genome engineering of induced pluripotent stem cells to manufacture natural killer cell therapies. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:234. [PMID: 32546200 PMCID: PMC7298853 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01741-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in host immunity by detecting cells that downregulate MHC class I presentation and upregulate stress ligands, as commonly seen in cancers. Current NK therapies using primary NK cells are prone to manufacturing issues related to expansion and storage. Alternative cell sources utilizing immortalized NK cell lines require irradiation and are dependent on systemic IL-2 administration, which has been associated with adverse effects. In contrast, NK cells differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-NK cells) offer an off-the-shelf alternative that may overcome these bottlenecks. The development of a serum-free and feeder-free differentiation protocol allows for the manufacturing of clinically adaptable iPSC-NK cells that are equally as effective as primary NK cells and the NK-92 cell line for many indications. Moreover, genetic modifications targeting NK-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity capabilities, cytotoxicity, and checkpoint inhibitors may increase the therapeutic potential of iPSC-NK products. This review will highlight the current sources for NK therapies and their respective constraints, discuss recent developments in the manufacturing and genetic engineering of iPSC-NK cells, and provide an overview of ongoing clinical trials using NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana Shankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christian M Capitini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 4137, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Krishanu Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 N Orchard St, WID 4164, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu J, Gao FX, Wang C, Qin M, Han F, Xu T, Hu Z, Long Y, He XM, Deng X, Ren DL, Dai TY. IL-6 and IL-8 secreted by tumour cells impair the function of NK cells via the STAT3 pathway in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:321. [PMID: 31324197 PMCID: PMC6642486 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Recurrence and metastasis are the leading causes of tumour-related death in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Tumour-infiltrating natural killer cells (NK cells) display powerful cytotoxicity to tumour cells and play a pivotal role in tumour therapy. However, the phenotype and functional regulation of NK cells in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains largely unknown. Methods Single cell suspensions from blood and tissue samples were isolated by physical dissociation and filtering through a 70 μm cell strainer. Flow cytometry was applied to profile the activity and function of NK cells, and an antibody chip experiment was used to identify and quantitate cytokine levels. We studied IL-6 and IL-8 function in primary oesophageal squamous carcinoma and NK cell co-cultures in vitro and by a xenograft tumour model in vivo. Western blotting was used to quantitate STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and p-STAT3 levels. Finally, we performed an IHC array to analyse IL-6/IL-8 (interleukin 6/interleukin 8) expression in 103 pairs of tumours and matched adjacent tissues of patients with ESCC to elucidate the correlation between IL-6 or IL-8 and clinical characteristics. Results The percentages of NK cells in both peripheral blood and tumour tissues from patients with ESCC were significantly increased in comparison with those in the controls and correlated with the clinical characteristics. Furthermore, the decrease in activating receptors and increase in inhibitory receptors on the surface of tumour-infiltrating NK cells was confirmed by flow cytometry. The level of granzyme B, the effector molecule of tumour-infiltrating NK cells, was also decreased. Mechanistically, primary ESCC cells activated the STAT3 signalling pathway on NK cells through IL-6 and IL-8 secretion, leading to the downregulation of activating receptors (NKp30 and NKG2D) on the surface of NK cells. An ex vivo study showed that blockade of STAT3 attenuated the IL-6/IL-8-mediated impairment of NK cell function. Moreover, the expression of IL-6 or IL-8 in tumour tissues was validated by immunohistochemistry to be positively correlated with tumour progression and poor survival, respectively. Conclusions Tumour cell-secreted IL-6 and IL-8 impair the activity and function of NK cells via STAT3 signalling and contribute to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma malignancy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1310-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng-Xia Gao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College, South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Qin
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College, South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Long
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue-Mei He
- Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology of Department of Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - De-Lian Ren
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College, South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tian-Yang Dai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of South West Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Raikar SS, Fleischer LC, Moot R, Fedanov A, Paik NY, Knight KA, Doering CB, Spencer HT. Development of chimeric antigen receptors targeting T-cell malignancies using two structurally different anti-CD5 antigen binding domains in NK and CRISPR-edited T cell lines. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1407898. [PMID: 29399409 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1407898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapsed T-cell malignancies have poor outcomes when treated with chemotherapy, but survival after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) approaches 50%. A limitation to BMT is the difficulty of achieving remission prior to transplant. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown successes in B-cell malignancies. This approach is difficult to adapt for the treatment of T-cell disease due to lack of a T-lymphoblast specific antigen and the fratricide of CAR T cells that occurs with T-cell antigen targeting. To circumvent this problem two approaches were investigated. First, a natural killer (NK) cell line, which does not express CD5, was used for CAR expression. Second, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology was used to knockout CD5 expression in CD5-positive Jurkat T cells and in primary T cells, allowing for the use of CD5-negative T cells for CAR expression. Two structurally distinct anti-CD5 sequences were also tested, i) a traditional immunoglobulin-based single chain variable fragment (scFv) and ii) a lamprey-derived variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR), which we previously showed can be used for CAR-based recognition. Our results show i) both CARs yield comparable T-cell activation and NK cell-based cytotoxicity when targeting CD5-positive cells, ii) CD5-edited CAR-modified Jurkat T cells have reduced self-activation compared to that of CD5-positive CAR-modified T cells, iii) CD5-edited CAR-modified Jurkat T cells have increased activation in the presence of CD5-positive target cells compared to that of CD5-positive CAR-modified T cells, and iv) although modest effects were seen, a mouse model using the CAR-expressing NK cell line showed the scFv-CAR was superior to the VLR-CAR in delaying disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S Raikar
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lauren C Fleischer
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert Moot
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrew Fedanov
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Na Yoon Paik
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kristopher A Knight
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher B Doering
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - H Trent Spencer
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|