Optimization of Transfection Conditions for siRNA Screening

Suppression of the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway produces a synergistic effect of combination therapy with programmed death receptor 1 blockade and radiofrequency ablation against hepatic carcinoma in mice

Primary liver cancer (PLC) significantly affects the health of patients globally owing to its high morbidity and low survival rate. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has recently been introduced for the clinical treatment of PLC. However, significant immunosuppressive effects are induced by RFA, which limits its application. This study aimed to explore the potential of combination therapy with RFA by investigating the effects of siRNAs against programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) on the antitumor effect induced by RFA. We observed that compared with si-NC, cell viability was reduced, apoptosis rate was elevated, release of inflammatory factors and percentage of CD3+CD8+ cells were increased, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was repressed in the co-culture of RFA-treated H22 cells and CD8+ T cells by transfection with si-PD-1 and si-TGF-β; these effects were further enhanced by co-transfection with si-PD-1 and si-TGF-β. Additionally, in H22 cell xenograft-bearing mice treated with RFA, compared with the si-NC group, repressed tumor growth, prolonged survival, increased production of inflammatory factors and expression of CD3 and CD8 in tumor tissues, and downregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were observed in the si-PD-1 and si-TGF-β groups; these effects were further enhanced in the si-PD-1 + si-TGF-β group. Taken together, our data revealed that suppression of the TGF-β signaling pathway produced a synergistic antitumor effect of combination therapy with PD-1 blockade and RFA against PLC. [Figure: see text].

Optimization of cationic polymer-mediated transfection for RNA interference

Transfection efficiency was estimated to optimize the conditions for RNA interference (RNAi), including transfection time, validity, and nucleic acid concentration and type, using the EZ Trans Cell Reagent, a cationic polymer. An shRNA against GFP was designed and transfected into cells using the EZ transfection reagent. The shRNA significantly decreased the expression of GFP. In addition, pre-diluted transfection reagent at room temperature and small nucleic acids increased the transfection efficiency, which peaked at 24 h. Compared with circular nucleic acids, linear nucleic acids showed higher transfection efficiency and a higher genome integration rate. We optimized cationic polymer-mediated RNAi conditions, and our data will be useful for future RNAi studies.

Exploring Adult Learners' Viewpoints and Motivation Regarding Distance Learning in Medical Education

INTRODUCTION

Literature in education and training supports the notion that distance learning (DL) is the most effective mode of learning for health care workers to improve the quality of patient care. However, implementing DL requires pre-assessing learners' perspectives and attitudes for providing better delivery, essential support, and facilities. This study aimed to identify the viewpoints and attitudes of dental graduates toward DL in medical education and their point views of the effectiveness and efficacy of DL tools.

METHODS

A structured, self-administered questionnaire was distributed to registered adult graduates working in government- or private hospitals in a permanent position or for a long term (3 months or more). Data were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS

Two-thirds (67.9%) of the participants had previously attended a DL course. The highest ranked items on the participants' views on DL were ease of access, ability to take the course from any location, and be taught from anywhere in the world. Their perception of DL was analyzed in relation to gender and previous exposure to DL.

CONCLUSION

This investigation revealed a positive attitude among graduates on the effectiveness of DL. Most respondents appreciated DL's convenience in terms of time flexibility and online attendance. Residents' attitudes toward DL and DL characteristics are major factors to consider when instituting or planning for DL. Continuous medical education through DL will continue to generate considerable interest as an international movement.