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Flow field-flow fractionation: Recent applications for lipidomic and proteomic analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Willms E, Cabañas C, Mäger I, Wood MJA, Vader P. Extracellular Vesicle Heterogeneity: Subpopulations, Isolation Techniques, and Diverse Functions in Cancer Progression. Front Immunol 2018; 9:738. [PMID: 29760691 PMCID: PMC5936763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells release membrane enclosed nano-sized vesicles termed extracellular vesicles (EVs) that function as mediators of intercellular communication by transferring biological information between cells. Tumor-derived EVs have emerged as important mediators in cancer development and progression, mainly through transfer of their bioactive content which can include oncoproteins, oncogenes, chemokine receptors, as well as soluble factors, transcripts of proteins and miRNAs involved in angiogenesis or inflammation. This transfer has been shown to influence the metastatic behavior of primary tumors. Moreover, tumor-derived EVs have been shown to influence distant cellular niches, establishing favorable microenvironments that support growth of disseminated cancer cells upon their arrival at these pre-metastatic niches. It is generally accepted that cells release a number of major EV populations with distinct biophysical properties and biological functions. Exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies are EV populations most widely studied and characterized. They are discriminated based primarily on their intracellular origin. However, increasing evidence suggests that even within these EV populations various subpopulations may exist. This heterogeneity introduces an extra level of complexity in the study of EV biology and function. For example, EV subpopulations could have unique roles in the intricate biological processes underlying cancer biology. Here, we discuss current knowledge regarding the role of subpopulations of EVs in cancer development and progression and highlight the relevance of EV heterogeneity. The position of tetraspanins and integrins therein will be highlighted. Since addressing EV heterogeneity has become essential for the EV field, current and novel techniques for isolating EV subpopulations will also be discussed. Further dissection of EV heterogeneity will advance our understanding of the critical roles of EVs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Willms
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Cabañas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Microbiology I (Immunology), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Imre Mäger
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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