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Boftsi M, Whittle FB, Wang J, Shepherd P, Burger LR, Kaifer KA, Lorson CL, Joshi T, Pintel DJ, Majumder K. The adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) genome and rep 68/78 proteins interact with cellular sites of DNA damage. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:985-998. [PMID: 34652429 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear DNA viruses simultaneously access cellular factors that aid their life cycle while evading inhibitory factors by localizing to distinct nuclear sites. Adeno-Associated Viruses (AAVs), which are Dependoviruses in the family Parvovirinae, are non-enveloped icosahedral viruses, that have been developed as recombinant AAV vectors (rAAV) to express transgenes. AAV2 expression and replication occur in nuclear viral replication centers (VRCs), which relies on cellular replication machinery as well as coinfection by helper viruses such as adenoviruses or herpesviruses, or exogenous DNA damage to host cells. AAV2 infection induces a complex cellular DNA damage response (DDR), either in response to viral DNA or viral proteins expressed in the host nucleus during infection, where VRCs colocalize with DDR proteins. We have previously developed a modified iteration of a viral chromosome conformation capture (V3C-seq) assay to show that the autonomous parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice (MVM) localizes to cellular sites of DNA damage to establish and amplify its replication. Similar V3C-seq assays to map AAV2 show that the AAV2 genome colocalized with cellular sites of DNA damage under both non-replicating and replicating conditions. The AAV2 non-structural protein Rep 68/78, also localized to cellular DDR sites during both non-replicating and replicating infections, and also when ectopically expressed. Ectopically expressed Rep could be efficiently re-localized to DDR sites induced by micro-irradiation. Recombinant AAV2 gene therapy vector genomes derived from AAV2 localized to sites of cellular DNA damage to a lesser degree, suggesting that the Inverted Terminal Repeat (ITR) origins of replication were insufficient for targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Boftsi
- Pathobiology Area Graduate Program.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center
| | | | - Juexin Wang
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
| | | | | | - Kevin A Kaifer
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Christian L Lorson
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.,MU Informatics Institute.,Department of Health Management and Informatics
| | - David J Pintel
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO USA 65211
| | - Kinjal Majumder
- Institute for Molecular Virology.,McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research.,University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center
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Blázquez-Castro A, Fernández-Piqueras J, Santos J. Genetic Material Manipulation and Modification by Optical Trapping and Nanosurgery-A Perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:580937. [PMID: 33072730 PMCID: PMC7530750 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.580937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Light can be employed as a tool to alter and manipulate matter in many ways. An example has been the implementation of optical trapping, the so called optical tweezers, in which light can hold and move small objects with 3D control. Of interest for the Life Sciences and Biotechnology is the fact that biological objects in the size range from tens of nanometers to hundreds of microns can be precisely manipulated through this technology. In particular, it has been shown possible to optically trap and move genetic material (DNA and chromatin) using optical tweezers. Also, these biological entities can be severed, rearranged and reconstructed by the combined use of laser scissors and optical tweezers. In this review, the background, current state and future possibilities of optical tweezers and laser scissors to manipulate, rearrange and alter genetic material (DNA, chromatin and chromosomes) will be presented. Sources of undesirable effects by the optical procedure and measures to avoid them will be discussed. In addition, first tentative approaches at cellular-level genetic and organelle surgery, in which genetic material or DNA-carrying organelles are extracted out or introduced into cells, will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Blázquez-Castro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Genome Dynamics and Function Program, Genome Decoding Unit, Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Center (CBMSO), CSIC-Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Fernández-Piqueras
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Genome Dynamics and Function Program, Genome Decoding Unit, Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Center (CBMSO), CSIC-Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Health Research Jiménez Diaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Santos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Genome Dynamics and Function Program, Genome Decoding Unit, Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Center (CBMSO), CSIC-Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Health Research Jiménez Diaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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McKay MJ, Craig J, Kalitsis P, Kozlov S, Verschoor S, Chen P, Lobachevsky P, Vasireddy R, Yan Y, Ryan J, McGillivray G, Savarirayan R, Lavin MF, Ramsay RG, Xu H. A Roberts Syndrome Individual With Differential Genotoxin Sensitivity and a DNA Damage Response Defect. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 103:1194-1202. [PMID: 30508616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Roberts syndrome (RBS) is a rare, recessively transmitted developmental disorder characterized by growth retardation, craniofacial abnormalities, and truncation of limbs. All affected individuals to date have mutations in the ESCO2 (establishment of cohesion 2) gene, a key regulator of the cohesin complex, which is involved in sister chromatid cohesion and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Here we characterize DNA damage responses (DDRs) for the first time in an RBS-affected family. METHODS AND MATERIALS Lymphoblastoid cell lines were established from an RBS family, including the proband and parents carrying ESCO2 mutations. Various DDR assays were performed on these cells, including cell survival, chromosome break, and apoptosis assays; checkpoint activation indicators; and measures of DNA breakage and repair. RESULTS Cells derived from the RBS-affected individual showed sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR) and mitomycin C-induced DNA damage. In this ESCO2 compound heterozygote, other DDRs were also defective, including enhanced IR-induced clastogenicity and apoptosis; increased DNA DSB induction; and a reduced capacity for repairing IR-induced DNA DSBs, as measured by γ-H2AX foci and the comet assay. CONCLUSIONS In addition to its developmental features, RBS can be, like ataxia telangiectasia, considered a DDR-defective syndrome, which contributes to its cellular, molecular, and clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McKay
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Latrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffery Craig
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Campus, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Kalitsis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sergei Kozlov
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital Campus, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sandra Verschoor
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip Chen
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital Campus, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pavel Lobachevsky
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raja Vasireddy
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yuqian Yan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacinta Ryan
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - George McGillivray
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ravi Savarirayan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin F Lavin
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital Campus, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert G Ramsay
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Huiling Xu
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, Shanxi, China.
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