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Hussen BM, Faraj GSH, Rasul MF, Hidayat HJ, Salihi A, Baniahmad A, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Frad S. Strategies to overcome the main challenges of the use of exosomes as drug carrier for cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:323. [PMID: 36258195 PMCID: PMC9580186 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are naturally occurring nanosized particles that aid intercellular communication by transmitting biological information between cells. Exosomes have therapeutic efficacy that can transfer their contents between cells as natural carriers. In addition, the exosomal contents delivered to the recipient pathological cells significantly inhibit cancer progression. However, exosome-based tumor treatments are inadequately precise or successful, and various challenges should be adequately overcome. Here, we discuss the significant challenges that exosomes face as drug carriers used for therapeutic targets and strategies for overcoming these challenges in order to promote this new incoming drug carrier further and improve future clinical outcomes. We also present techniques for overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.,Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Goran Sedeeq Hama Faraj
- College of Medicine, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Fatih Rasul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Hazha Jamal Hidayat
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Abbas Salihi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany. .,Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Frad
- Department of Medical Genetics,, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Polyethylenimine/cGAMP Nanocomplexes for STING-Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy: Formulation and Characterization Using Orthogonal Techniques. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) has lately been extensively investigated in cancer immunotherapy due its activation of the innate immunity stimulation of interferon genes (STING) pathway within antigen presenting cells (APC) leading to an increase in tumor specific CD8+ T cells. As negatively charged dinucleotides are prone to enzymatic degradation before being taken up by APC, there is a need for an appropriate carrier. Therefore, polyethylenimine (PEI), a gold standard for oligonucleotide delivery, was selected. Molecular weight, type of PEI and N/P ratio between PEI/cGAMP were investigated in terms of toxicity, efficacy and physicochemical properties of the nanocomplexes (NCs) such as size, zeta potential and shape. Due to lack of nano-medicine regulations and the need for a case-by case assessment, here we examine these parameters by several orthogonal methods, such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and online asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (AF4) connected to DLS. N/P ratio of 2/1 ratio using linear PEI 25 kDa resulted in larger, positively charged particles of elongated shape, which were shown to have the best toxicity/efficacy ratio among different PEIs and ratios tested.
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3
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Joseph C, Daniels A, Singh S, Singh M. Histidine-Tagged Folate-Targeted Gold Nanoparticles for Enhanced Transgene Expression in Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:53. [PMID: 35056949 PMCID: PMC8781941 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising treatment strategy in gene therapy, especially against diseases such as cancer. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are regarded as favorable gene delivery vehicles due to their low toxicity, ease of synthesis and ability to be functionalized. This study aimed to prepare functionalized AuNPs (FAuNPs) and evaluate their folate-targeted and nontargeted pCMV-Luc-DNA delivery in breast cancer cells in vitro. CS was added to induce stability and positive charges to the AuNPs (Au-CS), histidine (Au-CS-His) to enhance endosomal escape and folic acid for folate-receptor targeting (Au-CS-FA-His). The FAuNP:pDNA nanocomplexes possessed favorable sizes (<135 nm) and zeta potentials (<-20 mV), strong compaction efficiency and were capable of pDNA protection against nuclease degradation. These nanocomplexes showed minimal cytotoxicity (>73% cell viability) and enhanced transgene activity. The influence of His was notable in the HER2 overexpressing SKBR3 cells, which produced higher gene expression. Furthermore, the FA-targeted nanocomplexes enhanced receptor-mediated endocytosis, especially in MCF-7 cells, as confirmed by the receptor competition assay. While the role of His may need further optimization, the results achieved suggest that these FAuNPs may be suitable gene delivery vehicles for breast cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calrin Joseph
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (C.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Aliscia Daniels
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (C.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Sooboo Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Moganavelli Singh
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (C.J.); (A.D.)
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4
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Cao J, Pan Q, Bei S, Zheng M, Sun Z, Qi X, Shen S. Concise Nanoplatform of Phycocyanin Nanoparticle Loaded with Docetaxel for Synergetic Chemo-sonodynamic Antitumor Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7176-7185. [PMID: 35006949 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Combined chemotherapy and sonodynamic therapy (chemo-SDT) based on the nanoplatform/nanocarrier is a potential antitumor strategy that has shown higher therapeutic efficacy than any monotherapy. Therefore, a safe and effective multifunctional system with a concise design and simple preparation process is urgently needed. In this work, by using a one-step cross-linking method, a multifunctional nanosystem, which employs phycocyanin nanoparticles (PCNPs) as a nanocarrier to deliver the chemotherapy drug docetaxel (DTX) and a nanosonosensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), was prepared and evaluated (PCNP-DTX). Under low-intensity ultrasound irradiation, PCNP-DTX retained the ROS generation ability of phycocyanin and caused the destruction of mitochondrial potential. PCNP was also revealed to be an acidic and ultrasound-sensitive carrier with good biocompatibility. In addition to its cumulation behavior in tumors, PCNP can achieve tumor-targeted delivery and release of DTX. PCNP-DTX has also been proven to have a significant chemo-SDT synergy effect when low-intensity ultrasound was applied, showing enhanced antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. This study provides a concise yet promising nanoplatform based on the natural protein phycocyanin for achieving an effective, targeted, and synergetic chemo-SDT for antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qiwen Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shifang Bei
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Zhenjiang First People's Hospital, 8 Dianli Road, Zhenjiang, 212002 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Mingxue Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xueyong Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Song Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Cao J, Pan Q, Zheng M, Shen S, Qi X. Phycocyanin Nanoparticle as a Novel Sonosensitizer for Tumor Sonodynamic Therapy of Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 Cells In Vitro. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 21:3035-3040. [PMID: 33653477 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2021.19139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel sonosensitizers with safety and efficiency is a key problem in anti-tumor sonodynamic therapy. Phycocyanin (PC) has been proved to have the singlet oxygen radicals (ROS) generation ability, and the potential of PC as a novel sonosensitizer has been investigated. To overcome the disadvantages of PC in vivo, such as poor stability and low half-life, PC nanoparticles (PCNP) were prepared by the cross-linking method. According to the results, PCNP has been found with good morphology, good particle size distribution and good stability. Human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was used to investigate PCNP cell uptake ability. ROS generation and cytotoxicity under ultrasonic irradiation (sonotoxicity) were also studied on this cell. Under the condition of 0.75 w/cm² ultrasound, PCNP has a good ROS productivity and is equivalent to the sonotoxicity of the known sonosensitizer hematoporphyrin monomethyl Ether (HMME). In conclusion, PCNP is expected to be developed as an effective sonosensitizer for the sonodynamic therapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiwen Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingxue Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueyong Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
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6
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Wang LQ, Liu TL, Liang PH, Zhang SH, Li TS, Li YP, Liu GX, Mao L, Luo XN. Characterization of exosome-like vesicles derived from Taenia pisiformis cysticercus and their immunoregulatory role on macrophages. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:318. [PMID: 32560736 PMCID: PMC7304098 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia pisiformis is one of the most common intestinal parasites in canines, and leads to serious economic losses in the rabbit breeding industry. Exosome-like vesicles from parasites play crucial roles in host-parasite interactions by transferring cargo from parasites to host cells and by modulating host immunological response through inducing production of host-derived cytokines. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which exosome-like vesicles from T. pisiformis cysticercus regulate the macrophage immune response remains unknown. Methods Using ultracentrifugation, we isolated exosome-like vesicles from excretory/secretory products (ESP) of T. pisiformis cysticercus. The morphology and size of purified vesicles were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The components of proteins and miRNAs within these vesicles were identified by proteomic analysis and high-throughput small RNA sequencing. The biological function of targets of exosomal miRNAs was predicted by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Moreover, the expression of Th1- and Th2-type immune response associated cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages were evaluated by qPCR and ELISA. We found that exosome-like vesicles were typical cup-shaped vesicles with diameters from 30 to 150 nm. A total of 87 proteins were identified by proteomic analysis, including proteins prominently associated with exosome-like vesicles biogenesis and vesicle trafficking. 41 known miRNAs and 18 novel miRNAs were identified in the exosome-like vesicles. Eleven selected miRNAs, including 7 known miRNAs (miR-71-5p, miR-10a-5p, miR-let-7-5p, miR-745-3p, miR-219-5p, miR-124-3p and miR-4989-3p) and 4 novel miRNAs (novel-mir-3, novel-mir-7, novel-mir-8 and novel-mir-11) were validated to exist in metacestiodes and exosome-like vesicles of T. pisiformis cysticercus by qPCR. The functions of most targets of exosomal miRNAs were mainly associated with signal transduction and the immune system. Additionally, T. pisiformis cysticercus-derived vesicles induced the production of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and Arg-1, but downregulated the expression of IL-12, IFN-γ and iNOS in RAW264.7 macrophages. Conclusions We demonstrated that proteins and miRNAs enclosed within exosome-like vesicles from T. pisiformis cysticercus have immunomodulatory functions. Furthermore, exosome-like vesicles were shown to induce the macrophage Th2-type immune response in vitro. Our study suggests that exosome-like vesicles play an important role in the interaction between cysticerci and their hosts.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan-Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao-Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Nong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Gast M, Sobek H, Mizaikoff B. Nanoparticle Tracking of Adenovirus by Light Scattering and Fluorescence Detection. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2020; 30:235-244. [PMID: 31760805 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2019.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The detailed characterization of biological nanoparticles is of paramount importance for various industrial sectors, as for production of viral therapeutics. More recently, technologies that allow real-time quantification with simultaneous sizing and determination of surface potentials of virus particles in solution have been developed. In this study, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was applied to determine the size and the zeta potential of human adenovirus type 5 (AdV5), one the most frequently used therapeutic/oncolytic agents and viral vectors. Virus aggregation was detected, and the kinetics of the dissolution of virus aggregates were studied in real time. In addition, advanced fluorescence detection of AdV5 was performed enabling the measurements in matrices and discrimination of viral subpopulations. It was shown that NTA is an efficient approach for investigating infectious viruses in a live viewing mode. Consequently, NTA provides a promising methodology for virus particle detection and analysis in real time beyond assays requiring nucleic acids or infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gast
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Harald Sobek
- Labor Dr. Merk & Kollegen GmbH, Ochsenhausen, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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8
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Evaluation of zeta potential of nanomaterials by electrophoretic light scattering: Fast field reversal versus Slow field reversal modes. Talanta 2019; 205:120062. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Mishra B, Wilson DR, Sripathi SR, Suprenant MP, Rui Y, Wahlin KJ, Berlinicke CA, Green JJ, Zack DJ. A combinatorial library of biodegradable polyesters enables non-viral gene delivery to post-mitotic human stem cell-derived polarized RPE monolayers. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 6:273-285. [PMID: 33732871 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-019-00118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Safe and effective delivery of DNA to post-mitotic cells, especially highly differentiated cells, remains a challenge despite significant progress in the development of gene delivery tools. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) offer an array of advantages for gene delivery over viral vectors due to improved safety, carrying capacity, ease of manufacture, and cell-type specificity. Here we demonstrate the use of a high-throughput screening (HTS) platform to synthesize and screen a library of 148 biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles, successfully identifying structures that enable efficient transfection of human pluripotent stem cell differentiated human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with minimal toxicity. These NPs can deliver plasmid DNA (pDNA) to RPE monolayers more efficiently than leading commercially available transfection reagents. Novel synthetic polymers are described that enable high efficacy non-viral gene delivery to hard-to-transfect polarized human RPE monolayers, enabling gene loss- and gain-of-function studies of cell signaling, developmental, and disease-related pathways. One new synthetic polymer in particular, 3,3'-iminobis(N,N-dimethylpropylamine)-end terminated poly(1,5-pentanediol diacrylate-co-3 amino-1-propanol) (5-3-J12), was found to form self-assembled nanoparticles when mixed with plasmid DNA that transfect a majority of these human post-mitotic cells with minimal cytotoxicity. The platform described here can be utilized as an enabling technology for gene transfer to human primary and stem cell-derived cells, which are often fragile and resistant to conventional gene transfer approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhudatta Mishra
- Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - David R Wilson
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21231, United States.,Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.,Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Srinivas R Sripathi
- Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Mark P Suprenant
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21231, United States.,Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Yuan Rui
- Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.,Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21231, United States.,Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Karl J Wahlin
- Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Cynthia A Berlinicke
- Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Jordan J Green
- Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.,Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21231, United States.,Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.,Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.,Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.,Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Donald J Zack
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.,Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.,Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.,Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
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10
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Li X, Corbett AL, Taatizadeh E, Tasnim N, Little JP, Garnis C, Daugaard M, Guns E, Hoorfar M, Li ITS. Challenges and opportunities in exosome research-Perspectives from biology, engineering, and cancer therapy. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:011503. [PMID: 31069333 PMCID: PMC6481742 DOI: 10.1063/1.5087122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small (∼30-140 nm) lipid bilayer-enclosed particles of endosomal origin. They are a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are secreted by most cell types. There has been growing interest in exosome research in the last decade due to their emerging role as intercellular messengers and their potential in disease diagnosis. Indeed, exosomes contain proteins, lipids, and RNAs that are specific to their cell origin and could deliver cargo to both nearby and distant cells. As a result, investigation of exosome cargo contents could offer opportunities for disease detection and treatment. Moreover, exosomes have been explored as natural drug delivery vehicles since they can travel safely in extracellular fluids and deliver cargo to destined cells with high specificity and efficiency. Despite significant efforts made in this relatively new field of research, progress has been held back by challenges such as inefficient separation methods, difficulties in characterization, and lack of specific biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge in exosome biogenesis, their roles in disease progression, and therapeutic applications and opportunities in bioengineering. Furthermore, we highlight the established and emerging technological developments in exosome isolation and characterization. We aim to consider critical challenges in exosome research and provide directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Alexander L. Corbett
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | | - Nishat Tasnim
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jonathan P. Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Cathie Garnis
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada, and Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada, and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Emma Guns
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada, and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Isaac T. S. Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
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11
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Bioinspired, nanoscale approaches in contemporary bioanalytics (Review). Biointerphases 2018; 13:040801. [DOI: 10.1116/1.5037582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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