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Jeddi F, Faghfuri E, Mehranfar S, Soozangar N. The common bisulfite-conversion-based techniques to analyze DNA methylation in human cancers. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:240. [PMID: 38982390 PMCID: PMC11234524 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an important molecular modification that plays a key role in the expression of cancer genes. Evaluation of epigenetic changes, hypomethylation and hypermethylation, in specific genes are applied for cancer diagnosis. Numerous studies have concentrated on describing DNA methylation patterns as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis monitoring and predicting response to cancer therapy. Various techniques for detecting DNA methylation status in cancers are based on sodium bisulfite treatment. According to the application of these methods in research and clinical studies, they have a number of advantages and disadvantages. The current review highlights sodium bisulfite treatment-based techniques, as well as, the advantages, drawbacks, and applications of these methods in the evaluation of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Jeddi
- Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Elnaz Faghfuri
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sahar Mehranfar
- Department of Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Narges Soozangar
- Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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Jeong J, Yang Y, Song MS, Won HY, Han AT, Kim S. High-Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis of DNA methylation using semiconductor chip-based digital PCR. Genes Genomics 2024:10.1007/s13258-024-01527-5. [PMID: 38849705 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-024-01527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital PCR (dPCR) technology allows absolute quantification and detection of disease-associated rare variants, and thus the use of dPCR technology has been increasing in clinical research and diagnostics. The high-resolution melting curve analysis (HRM) of qPCR is widely used to distinguish true positives from false positives and detect rare variants. In particular, qPCR-HRM is commonly used for methylation assessment in research and diagnostics due to its simplicity and high reproducibility. Most dPCR instruments have limited fluorescence channels available and separate heating and imaging systems. Therefore, it is difficult to perform HRM analysis using dPCR instruments. OBJECTIVE A new digital real-time PCR instrument (LOAA) has been recently developed to integrate partitioning, thermocycling, and imaging in a single dPCR instrument. In addition, a new technique to perform HRM analysis is utilized in LOAA. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of LOAA dPCR on HRM analysis for the detection of methylation. METHODS In this study, comprehensive comparison with Bio-Rad qRT-PCR and droplet-based dPCR equipment was performed to verify the HRM analysis-based methylation detection efficiency of the LOAA digital PCR equipment. Here, sodium bisulfite modification method was applied to detect methylated DNA sequences by each PCR method. RESULTS Melting curve analysis detected four different Tm values using LOAA and qPCR, and found that LOAA, unlike qPCR, successfully distinguished between different Tm values when the Tm values were very similar. In addition, melting temperatures increased by each methylation were about 0.5℃ for qPCR and about 0.2 ~ 0.6℃ for LOAA. The melting temperature analyses of methylated and unmethylated DNA samples were conducted using LOAA dPCR with TaqMan probes and EvaGreen, and the result found that Tm values of methylated DNA samples are higher than those of unmethylated DNA samples. CONCLUSION The present study shows that LOAA dPCR could detect different melting temperatures according to methylation status of target sequences, indicating that LOAA dPCR would be useful for diagnostic applications that require the accurate quantification and assessment of DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinuk Jeong
- Center for Bio-Medical Engineering Core Facility, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsu Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Bio-Convergence, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sik Song
- BIO Institute, OPTOLANE Technologies Inc, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hee-Young Won
- BIO Institute, OPTOLANE Technologies Inc, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Andrew T Han
- BIO Institute, OPTOLANE Technologies Inc, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Songmi Kim
- Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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Nowakowska J, Olechnowicz A, Langwiński W, Koteluk O, Lemańska Ż, Jóźwiak K, Kamiński K, Łosiewski W, Stegmayr J, Wagner D, Alsafadi HN, Lindstedt S, Dziuba M, Bielicka A, Graczyk Z, Szczepankiewicz A. Increased expression of ORMDL3 in allergic asthma: a case control and in vitro study. J Asthma 2023; 60:458-467. [PMID: 35321632 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2022.2056896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is the most frequent chronic disease in children. One of the most replicated genetic findings in childhood asthma is the ORMDL3 gene confirmed in several GWA studies in several pediatric populations. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to analyze ORMDL3 variants and expression in childhood asthma in the Polish population. METHODS In the study we included 416 subject, 223 asthmatic children and 193 healthy control subjects. The analysis of two SNPs (rs3744246 and rs8076131) was performed using genotyping with TaqMan probes. The methylation of the ORMDL3 promoter was examined with Methylation Sensitive HRM (MS-HRM), covering 9 CpG sites. The expression of ORMDL3 was analyzed in PBMCs from pediatric patients diagnosed with allergic asthma and primary human bronchial epithelial cells derived from healthy subjects treated with IL-13, IL-4, or co-treatment with both cytokines to model allergic airway inflammation. RESULTS We found that ORMDL3 expression was increased in allergic asthma both in PBMCs from asthmatic patients as well as in human bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with the current cytokines. We did not observe significant differences between cases and controls either in the genotype distribution of analyzed SNPs (rs3744246 and rs8076131) nor in the level of promoter methylation. CONCLUSIONS Increased ORMDL3 expression is associated with pediatric allergic asthma and upregulated in the airways upon Th2-cytokines stimulation, but further functional studies are required to fully understand its role in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nowakowska
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Olechnowicz
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Langwiński
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Oliwia Koteluk
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Żaneta Lemańska
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kacper Jóźwiak
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kacper Kamiński
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Łosiewski
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - John Stegmayr
- Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Darcy Wagner
- Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hani N Alsafadi
- Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sandra Lindstedt
- Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Dziuba
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Antonina Bielicka
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Graczyk
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szczepankiewicz
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Chavira-Suárez E, Reyes-Castro LA, López-Tenorio II, Vargas-Hernández L, Rodríguez-González GL, Chavira R, Zárate-Segura P, Domínguez-López A, Vadillo-Ortega F, Zambrano E. Sex-differential RXRα gene methylation effects on mRNA and protein expression in umbilical cord of the offspring rat exposed to maternal obesity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892315. [PMID: 36072345 PMCID: PMC9442673 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity (MO) induces negative consequences in the offspring development. Adiposity phenotype is associated with maternal diet at early pregnancy and DNA methylation marks in the RXRα promotor at birth. Glucocorticoids play an important role in the regulation of metabolism through the activation of nuclear hormone receptors such as the RXRα protein. The aim of the study was to analyze steroid hormone changes at the end of pregnancy in the obese mother and RXRα gene methylation in the umbilical cord. For this purpose, in a well-established MO model, female Wistar rats were fed either standard chow (controls: C) or high-fat obesogenic diet (MO) before and during pregnancy to evaluate at 19 days of gestation (19 dG): 1) maternal concentration of circulating steroid hormones in MO and C groups, 2) maternal and fetal weights, 3) analysis of correlation between hormones concentration and maternal and fetal weights, 4) DNA methylation status of a single locus of RXRα gene near the early growth response (EGR-1) protein DNA binding site, and 5) RXRα mRNA and protein expressions in umbilical cords. Our results demonstrate that at 19 dG, MO body weight before and during pregnancy was higher than C; MO progesterone and corticosterone serum concentrations were higher and estradiol lower than C. There were not differences in fetal weight between male and female per group, therefore averaged data was used; MO fetal weight was lower than C. Positive correlations were found between progesterone and corticosterone with maternal weight, and estradiol with fetal weight, while negative correlation was observed between corticosterone and fetal weight. Additionally, male umbilical cords from MO were hypermethylated in RXRα gene compared to male C group, without differences in the female groups; mRNA and protein expression of RXRα were decreased in F1 male but not in female MO compared to C. In conclusion, MO results in dysregulation of circulating steroid hormones of the obese mothers and low fetal weight in the F1, modifying DNA methylation of RXRα gene as well as RXRα mRNA and protein expression in the umbilical cord in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Chavira-Suárez
- Unidad de Vinculación Científica de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México en el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, México
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, México
| | - Luis Antonio Reyes-Castro
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México
| | - Itzel Ivonn López-Tenorio
- Unidad de Vinculación Científica de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México en el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, México
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Lilia Vargas-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia No. 4 Luis Castelazo Ayala, Mexico City, México
| | - Guadalupe L. Rodríguez-González
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México
| | - Roberto Chavira
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México
| | - Paola Zárate-Segura
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | | | - Felipe Vadillo-Ortega
- Unidad de Vinculación Científica de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México en el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, México
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, México
| | - Elena Zambrano
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México
- *Correspondence: Elena Zambrano,
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Javadmanesh A, Mojtabanezhad Shariatpanahi A, Shams Davodly E, Azghandi M, Yassi M, Heidari M, Kerachian M, Kerachian MA. MS-HRM protocol: a simple and low-cost approach for technical validation of next-generation methylation sequencing data. Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:1101-1109. [PMID: 35616708 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01906-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a fundamental epigenetic process and have a critical role in many biological processes. The study of DNA methylation at a large scale of genomic levels is widely conducted by several techniques that are next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based methods. Methylome data revealed by DNA methylation next-generation sequencing (mNGS), should be always verified by another technique which they usually have a high cost. In this study, we offered a low-cost approach to corroborate the mNGS data. In this regard, mNGS was performed on 6 colorectal cancer (case group) and 6 healthy individual colon tissue (control group) samples. An R-script detected differentially methylated regions (DMRs), was further validated by high resolution melting (MS-HRM) analysis. After analyzing the data, the algorithm found 194 DMRs. Two locations with the highest level of methylation difference were verified by MS-HRM, which their results were in accordance with the mNGS. Therefore, in the present study, we suggested MS-HRM as a simple, accurate and low-cost method, useful for confirming methylation sequencing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Javadmanesh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Cancer Genetics Research Unit, Reza Radiotherapy and Oncology Center, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Shams Davodly
- Cancer Genetics Research Unit, Reza Radiotherapy and Oncology Center, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marjan Azghandi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Cancer Genetics Research Unit, Reza Radiotherapy and Oncology Center, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Yassi
- Cancer Genetics Research Unit, Reza Radiotherapy and Oncology Center, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Heidari
- Cancer Genetics Research Unit, Reza Radiotherapy and Oncology Center, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Matin Kerachian
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Research Institute at McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mohammad Amin Kerachian
- Cancer Genetics Research Unit, Reza Radiotherapy and Oncology Center, Mashhad, Iran.
- Cancer Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 917794-8564, Iran.
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Lao TD, Thieu HH, Nguyen DH, Le TAH. Hypermethylation of the RASSF1A gene promoter as the tumor DNA marker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Biol Markers 2021; 37:31-39. [PMID: 34935528 DOI: 10.1177/17246008211065472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RASSF1A is a tumor suppressor gene. The methylation of RASSF1A has been reported to be associated with nasopharyngeal tumorigenesis. However, the heterogeneity was high among different studies. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the value of RASSF1A methylation for the diagnosis and early screening of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. METHODS Relevant articles were identified by searching the MEDLINE database. Frequency and odds ratio (OR) were applied to estimate the effect of CDH-1 methylation based on random-/fixed-effect models. The meta-analysis was performed by using MedCalc® software. Subgroup analyses were performed by test method, ethnicity, and source of nasopharyngeal carcinoma samples to determine likely sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of 17 studies, including 1688 samples (1165 nasopharyngeal carcinoma samples, and 523 from non-cancerous samples) were used for the meta-analysis. The overall frequencies of RASSF1A methylation were 59.68% and 2.65% in case-group and control-group, respectively. By removing the poor relative studies, the heterogeneity was not observed among the studies included. The association between RASSF1A gene methylation and the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma was also confirmed by calculating the OR value of 30.32 (95%CI = 18.22-50.47) in the fixed-effect model (Q = 16.41, p = 0.36,I2 = 8.62, 95% CI = 0.00-45.27). Additionally, the significant association was also found between the methylation of the RASSF1A gene and the subgroups. CONCLUSIONS This is the first meta-analysis that has provided scientific evidence that the methylation of RASSF1A is the potential diagnosis, prognosis, and early screening biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan Duc Lao
- Faculty of Biotechnology, 486019Ho Chi Minh City Open University, HCMC, Vietnam
| | - Hue Hong Thieu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, 486019Ho Chi Minh City Open University, HCMC, Vietnam
| | - Dung Huu Nguyen
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Ai Huyen Le
- Faculty of Biotechnology, 486019Ho Chi Minh City Open University, HCMC, Vietnam
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Chantre-Justino M, Gonçalves da Veiga Pires I, Cardoso Figueiredo M, Dos Santos Moreira A, Alves G, Faria Ornellas MH. Genetic and methylation status of CDKN2A (p14 ARF/p16 INK4A) and TP53 genes in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Hum Pathol 2021; 119:94-104. [PMID: 34826422 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare and chronic disease affecting the upper airway with papillomatous lesions caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially HPV-6 and/or HPV-11 types. Little is known about the genetic and epigenetic drivers in RRP pathophysiology. For this purpose, we analyzed 27 papillomatous lesions from patients with RRP to evaluate somatic mutations and methylation status in CDKN2A (p14ARF/p16INK4A) and TP53, which are key tumor suppressor genes for the cell cycle control. Sanger sequencing analysis revealed one somatic mutation in TP53 (c.733_734insA) and four mutations in CDKN2A (c.-30G > T, c.29_30insA, c.69delT, and c.300C > A). These mutations were observed in 10 patients, 6 of which carried double mutation. Furthermore, 50% (5/10) of these patients carrying somatic mutations had RRP severity, representing 62.5% (5/8) of the severity cases in this study, albeit no significant association was found between somatic mutations and disease severity. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction assays revealed p14ARF promoter hypermethylation in 100% of cases, followed by TP53 (96.3%) and p16INK4A (55.6%), suggesting the influence of HPV in the DNA methylation machinery. In conclusion, somatic mutations were not common events identified in patients with RRP. However, epigenetic modulation by high methylation rates, particularly for the p14ARF/TP53 pathway, seems to be in the course of RRP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Chantre-Justino
- Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil.
| | - Ingrid Gonçalves da Veiga Pires
- Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cardoso Figueiredo
- Respiratory Endoscopy and Head and Neck Surgery Service at Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro 21041-030, Brazil
| | - Aline Dos Santos Moreira
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, PTDIS/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Gilda Alves
- Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Faria Ornellas
- Circulating Biomarkers Laboratory, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil
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Qi H, Kinoshita K, Mori T, Matsumoto K, Matsui Y, Inoue-Murayama M. Age estimation using methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) in both healthy felines and those with chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19963. [PMID: 34620957 PMCID: PMC8497492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is an important ecological tool in wildlife conservation. However, it is difficult to estimate in most animals, including felines-most of whom are endangered. Here, we developed the first DNA methylation-based age-estimation technique-as an alternative to current age-estimation methods-for two feline species that share a relatively long genetic distance with each other: domestic cat (Felis catus; 79 blood samples) and an endangered Panthera, the snow leopard (Panthera uncia; 11 blood samples). We measured the methylation rates of two gene regions using methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM). Domestic cat age was estimated with a mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 3.83 years. Health conditions influenced accuracy of the model. Specifically, the models built on cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) had lower accuracy than those built on healthy cats. The snow leopard-specific model (i.e. the model that resets the model settings for snow leopards) had a better accuracy (MAD = 2.10 years) than that obtained on using the domestic cat model directly. This implies that our markers could be utilised across species, although changing the model settings when targeting different species could lead to better estimation accuracy. The snow leopard-specific model also successfully distinguished between sexually immature and mature individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Qi
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8203, Japan
| | - Kodzue Kinoshita
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8203, Japan
| | - Takashi Mori
- Kyoto Medical Center, Daktari Animal Hospital, Kyoto, 615-8234, Japan
| | - Kaori Matsumoto
- Kyoto Medical Center, Daktari Animal Hospital, Kyoto, 615-8234, Japan
- Miyazaki Prefectural Miyakonojo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Miyazaki, 889-4505, Japan
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Nie C, Han X, Wei R, Leonteva A, Hong J, Du X, Wang J, Zhu L, Zhao Y, Xue Y, Zhou H, Tian W. Association of ZNF331 and WIF1 methylation in peripheral blood leukocytes with the risk and prognosis of gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:551. [PMID: 33992091 PMCID: PMC8126111 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) DNA methylation may serve as a surrogate marker to evaluate the susceptibility to and prognosis of gastric cancer (GC). In this study, blood-derived DNA methylation levels of two tumour-related genes, namely, ZNF331 and WIF1, and their impacts on the risk and prognosis of GC were evaluated. Methods In total, 398 GC cases and 397 controls were recruited for the study. Then, all cases were followed up for 5 years. ZNF331 and WIF1 promoter methylation status in PBLs was measured using a methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting method. Logistic and Cox regression models were used to analyse the correlation between gene methylation and the risk and prognosis of GC. Confounders were balanced through propensity score (PS) matching. Results High ZNF331 methylation significantly decreased GC risk after PS adjustment (OR = 0.580, 95% CI: 0.375–0.898, P = 0.015), which also presented in males (OR = 0.577, 95% CI: 0.343–0.970, P = 0.038). However, WIF1 methylation was not associated with GC risk. Additionally, significant combined effects between ZNF331 methylation and the intake of green vegetables and garlic were observed (OR = 0.073, 95% CI: 0.027–0.196, P < 0.001 and OR = 0.138, 95% CI: 0.080–0.238, P < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, ZNF331 and WIF1 methylation had no impact on the prognosis of GC. Conclusion ZNF331 methylation in PBLs may affect GC risk in combination with the consumption of green vegetables and garlic and may act as a potential biomarker of GC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08199-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Nie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Anastasiia Leonteva
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Hong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Du
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yashuang Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingwei Xue
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjing Tian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Martisova A, Holcakova J, Izadi N, Sebuyoya R, Hrstka R, Bartosik M. DNA Methylation in Solid Tumors: Functions and Methods of Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084247. [PMID: 33921911 PMCID: PMC8073724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation, i.e., addition of methyl group to 5′-carbon of cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotides, is an important epigenetic modification regulating gene expression, and thus implied in many cellular processes. Deregulation of DNA methylation is strongly associated with onset of various diseases, including cancer. Here, we review how DNA methylation affects carcinogenesis process and give examples of solid tumors where aberrant DNA methylation is often present. We explain principles of methods developed for DNA methylation analysis at both single gene and whole genome level, based on (i) sodium bisulfite conversion, (ii) methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, and (iii) interactions of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) with methyl-binding proteins or antibodies against 5mC. In addition to standard methods, we describe recent advances in next generation sequencing technologies applied to DNA methylation analysis, as well as in development of biosensors that represent their cheaper and faster alternatives. Most importantly, we highlight not only advantages, but also disadvantages and challenges of each method.
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11
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Current Advances in DNA Methylation Analysis Methods. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8827516. [PMID: 33824878 PMCID: PMC8007345 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8827516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is one of the epigenetic changes, which plays a major role in regulating gene expression and, thus, many biological processes and diseases. There are several methods for determining the methylation of DNA samples. However, selecting the most appropriate method for answering biological questions appears to be a challenging task. The primary methods in DNA methylation focused on identifying the state of methylation of the examined genes and determining the total amount of 5-methyl cytosine. The study of DNA methylation at a large scale of genomic levels became possible following the use of microarray hybridization technology. The new generation of sequencing platforms now allows the preparation of genomic maps of DNA methylation at the single-open level. This review includes the majority of methods available to date, introducing the most widely used methods, the bisulfite treatment, biological identification, and chemical cutting along with their advantages and disadvantages. The techniques are then scrutinized according to their robustness, high throughput capabilities, and cost.
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Galardi F, De Luca F, Romagnoli D, Biagioni C, Moretti E, Biganzoli L, Di Leo A, Migliaccio I, Malorni L, Benelli M. Cell-Free DNA-Methylation-Based Methods and Applications in Oncology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1677. [PMID: 33334040 PMCID: PMC7765488 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy based on cell-free DNA (cfDNA) enables non-invasive dynamic assessment of disease status in patients with cancer, both in the early and advanced settings. The analysis of DNA-methylation (DNAm) from cfDNA samples holds great promise due to the intrinsic characteristics of DNAm being more prevalent, pervasive, and cell- and tumor-type specific than genomics, for which established cfDNA assays already exist. Herein, we report on recent advances on experimental strategies for the analysis of DNAm in cfDNA samples. We describe the main steps of DNAm-based analysis workflows, including pre-analytics of cfDNA samples, DNA treatment, assays for DNAm evaluation, and methods for data analysis. We report on protocols, biomolecular techniques, and computational strategies enabling DNAm evaluation in the context of cfDNA analysis, along with practical considerations on input sample requirements and costs. We provide an overview on existing studies exploiting cell-free DNAm biomarkers for the detection and monitoring of cancer in early and advanced settings, for the evaluation of drug resistance, and for the identification of the cell-of-origin of tumors. Finally, we report on DNAm-based tests approved for clinical use and summarize their performance in the context of liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Galardi
- «Sandro Pitigliani» Translational Research Unit, Hospital of Prato, 59100 Prato, Italy; (F.G.); (F.D.L.); (I.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Francesca De Luca
- «Sandro Pitigliani» Translational Research Unit, Hospital of Prato, 59100 Prato, Italy; (F.G.); (F.D.L.); (I.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Dario Romagnoli
- Bioinformatics Unit, Hospital of Prato, 59100 Prato, Italy; (D.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Chiara Biagioni
- Bioinformatics Unit, Hospital of Prato, 59100 Prato, Italy; (D.R.); (C.B.)
- «Sandro Pitigliani» Medical Oncology Department, Hospital of Prato, 59100 Prato, Italy; (E.M.); (L.B.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Erica Moretti
- «Sandro Pitigliani» Medical Oncology Department, Hospital of Prato, 59100 Prato, Italy; (E.M.); (L.B.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Laura Biganzoli
- «Sandro Pitigliani» Medical Oncology Department, Hospital of Prato, 59100 Prato, Italy; (E.M.); (L.B.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Angelo Di Leo
- «Sandro Pitigliani» Medical Oncology Department, Hospital of Prato, 59100 Prato, Italy; (E.M.); (L.B.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Ilenia Migliaccio
- «Sandro Pitigliani» Translational Research Unit, Hospital of Prato, 59100 Prato, Italy; (F.G.); (F.D.L.); (I.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Luca Malorni
- «Sandro Pitigliani» Translational Research Unit, Hospital of Prato, 59100 Prato, Italy; (F.G.); (F.D.L.); (I.M.); (L.M.)
- «Sandro Pitigliani» Medical Oncology Department, Hospital of Prato, 59100 Prato, Italy; (E.M.); (L.B.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Matteo Benelli
- Bioinformatics Unit, Hospital of Prato, 59100 Prato, Italy; (D.R.); (C.B.)
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Majchrzak‐Celińska A, Dybska E, Barciszewska A. DNA methylation analysis with methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) reveals gene panel for glioma characteristics. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:1303-1314. [PMID: 32783304 PMCID: PMC7702229 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Local DNA hypermethylation is a potential source of cancer biomarkers. While the evaluation of single gene methylation has limited value, their selected panel may provide better information. AIMS This study aimed to analyze the promoter methylation level in a 7-gene panel in brain tumors and verifies the usefulness of methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) for this purpose. METHODS Forty-six glioma samples and one non-neoplastic brain sample were analyzed by MS-HRM in terms of SFRP1, SFRP2, RUNX3, CBLN4, INA, MGMT, and RASSF1A promoter methylation. The results were correlated with patients' clinicopathological features. RESULTS DNA methylation level of all analyzed genes was significantly higher in brain tumor samples as compared to non-neoplastic brain and commercial, unmethylated DNA control. RASSF1A was the most frequently methylated gene, with statistically significant differences depending on the tumor WHO grade. Higher MGMT methylation levels were observed in females, whereas the levels of SFRP1 and INA promoter methylation significantly increased with patients' age. A positive correlation of promoter methylation levels was observed between pairs of genes, for example, CBLN4 and INA or MGMT and RASSF1A. CONCLUSIONS Our 7-gene panel of promoter methylation can be helpful in brain tumor diagnosis or characterization, and MS-HRM is a suitable method for its analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilia Dybska
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic DiseasesPoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznańPoland
| | - Anna‐Maria Barciszewska
- Intraoperative Imaging UnitChair and Department of Neurosurgery and NeurotraumatologyPoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznańPoland
- Department of Neurosurgery and NeurotraumatologyHeliodor Swiecicki Clinical HospitalPoznańPoland
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Liu Y, Huang H, Fu J, Zhang Y, Xu J, Zhang L, Sun S, Zhao L, Zhang D, Onwuka JU, Sun H, Cui B, Zhao Y. Colorectal cancer patients with CASK promotor heterogeneous and homogeneous methylation display different prognosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:20561-20586. [PMID: 33113509 PMCID: PMC7655177 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Homogenous DNA methylation clearly affects clinical outcomes. However, less is known about the effects of heterogeneous methylation. We aimed to investigate the different effects between CASK promoter methylation heterogeneity and homogeneity on colorectal cancer (CRC) patients' prognosis. The methylation status of CASK in 296 tumor tissues and 255 adjacent normal tissues were evaluated using Methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM). Digital MS-HRM (dMS-HRM) visualized heterogeneous methylation and subsequent sequencing provided exact patterns. Log-rank test and Cox regression model were adopted to assess the association between CASK methylation status and CRC prognosis with propensity score (PS) method to control confounding biases. Heterogeneous methylation was detected in both tumor (52.2%) and non-neoplastic tissue surrounding the tumor (62.4%). It occurred more frequently in lower levels of tumor invasion (P = 0.002) and male patients (P < 0.001). Compared with heterogeneous methylation, patients with CASK homogeneous methylation presented poorer overall survival (OS) (HR: 1.919, 95% CI: 1.146-3.212, P = 0.013) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR: 1.913, 95% CI: 1.146-3.194, P = 0.013). This unfavorable effect still existed among older (≥ 50), Dukes staging C/D, and rectal cancer patients. MS-HRM and dMS-HRM when combined can assess the degree and complexity of heterogeneous methylation with a visible pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinming Fu
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Simin Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Ding Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Justina Ucheojor Onwuka
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongru Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Yashuang Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, The People’s Republic of China
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Navarro-Martín L, Martyniuk CJ, Mennigen JA. Comparative epigenetics in animal physiology: An emerging frontier. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 36:100745. [PMID: 33126028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented access to annotated genomes now facilitates the investigation of the molecular basis of epigenetic phenomena in phenotypically diverse animals. In this critical review, we describe the roles of molecular epigenetic mechanisms in regulating mitotically and meiotically stable spatiotemporal gene expression, phenomena that provide the molecular foundation for the intra-, inter-, and trans-generational emergence of physiological phenotypes. By focusing principally on emerging comparative epigenetic roles of DNA-level and transcriptome-level epigenetic mark dynamics in the emergence of phenotypes, we highlight the relationship between evolutionary conservation and innovation of specific epigenetic pathways, and their interplay as a priority for future study. This comparative approach is expected to significantly advance our understanding of epigenetic phenomena, as animals show a diverse array of strategies to epigenetically modify physiological responses. Additionally, we review recent technological advances in the field of molecular epigenetics (single-cell epigenomics and transcriptomics and editing of epigenetic marks) in order to (1) investigate environmental and endogenous factor dependent epigenetic mark dynamics in an integrative manner; (2) functionally test the contribution of specific epigenetic marks for animal phenotypes via genome and transcript-editing tools. Finally, we describe advantages and limitations of emerging animal models, which under the Krogh principle, may be particularly useful in the advancement of comparative epigenomics and its potential translational applications in animal science, ecotoxicology, ecophysiology, climate change science and wild-life conservation, as well as organismal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Navarro-Martín
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya 08034, Spain.
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jan A Mennigen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N6N5, Canada
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Kobayashi N, Shinagawa S, Niimura H, Kida H, Nagata T, Tagai K, Shimada K, Oka N, Shikimoto R, Noda Y, Nakajima S, Mimura M, Shigeta M, Kondo K. Increased blood COASY DNA methylation levels a potential biomarker for early pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12217. [PMID: 32699290 PMCID: PMC7376092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of dementia including Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an urgent medical and welfare issue. However, to date, no simple biometrics have been available. We reported that blood DNA methylation levels of the COASY gene, which encodes coenzyme A synthase, were increased in individuals with AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). The present study sought to replicate these findings with larger numbers of samples. Another objective was to clarify whether COASY methylation is associated with neurodegeneration through a comparison of AD, AD with cardiovascular disease (CVD), and vascular dementia (VaD). We measured blood COASY methylation levels in normal controls (NCs) (n = 200), and individuals with aMCI (n = 22), AD (n = 151), and VaD (n = 21). Compared with NCs, they were significantly higher in individuals with aMCI and AD. Further, they were significantly higher in AD patients without cardiovascular diseases compared to AD patients with them. These findings suggest that COASY methylation levels may be related to neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Hidehito Niimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nagata
- Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Tagai
- Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimada
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Oka
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Shikimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shigeta
- Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kondo
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L, Gevaert T, Blanca A, Cimadamore A, Santoni M, Massari F, Scarpelli M, Raspollini MR, Montironi R. Current and emerging bladder cancer biomarkers with an emphasis on urine biomarkers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 20:231-243. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1699791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba University, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas Gevaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, AZ Klina, Brasschaat, Belgium
| | - Ana Blanca
- Unit of Experimental Urology, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, United Hospital, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, United Hospital, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria R. Raspollini
- Histopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, United Hospital, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
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18
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Lobo J, Nunes SP, Gillis AJM, Barros-Silva D, Miranda-Gonçalves V, Berg AVD, Cantante M, Guimarães R, Henrique R, Jerónimo C, Looijenga LHJ. XIST-Promoter Demethylation as Tissue Biomarker for Testicular Germ Cell Tumors and Spermatogenesis Quality. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1385. [PMID: 31533343 PMCID: PMC6769809 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The event of X chromosome inactivation induced by XIST, which is physiologically observed in females, is retained in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), as a result of a supernumerary X chromosome constitution. X chromosome inactivation also occurs in male germline, specifically during spermatogenesis. We aimed to analyze the promoter methylation status of XIST in a series of TGCT tissues, representative cell lines, and testicular parenchyma. METHODS Two independent cohorts were included, comprising a total of 413 TGCT samples, four (T)GCT cell lines, and 86 testicular parenchyma samples. The relative amount of methylated and demethylated XIST promoter fragments was assessed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP) and more sensitive high-resolution melting (HRM) methylation analyses. RESULTS Seminomas showed a lower amount of methylated XIST fragments as compared to non-seminomas or normal testis (p < 0.0001), allowing for a good discrimination among these groups (area under the curve 0.83 and 0.81, respectively). Seminomas showed a significantly higher content of demethylated XIST as compared to non-seminomas. The percentage of demethylated XIST fragment in cell lines reflected their chromosomal constitution (number of extra X chromosomes). A novel and strong positive correlation between the Johnsen's score and XIST demethylation was identified (r = 0.75, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The X chromosome inactivation event and demethylated XIST promoter are promising biomarkers for TGCTs and for assessing spermatogenesis quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lobo
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP) and Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sandra P Nunes
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP) and Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ad J M Gillis
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniela Barros-Silva
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP) and Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vera Miranda-Gonçalves
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP) and Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Annette van den Berg
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mariana Cantante
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP) and Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rita Guimarães
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP) and Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Henrique
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP) and Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP) and Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pathology, Lab. for Exp. Patho-Oncology (LEPO), Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, Be-432A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Xia T, Sun H, Huang H, Bi H, Pu R, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Xu J, Onwuka JU, Liu Y, Cui B, Zhao Y. Androgen receptor gene methylation related to colorectal cancer risk. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:979-987. [PMID: 31176300 PMCID: PMC6612065 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
According to its incidence patterns, colorectal cancer (CRC) tends to occur more frequently in males than in females, and the evidence shows that CRC is a hormone-related tumor. These findings indicate that androgen receptor (AR) gene methylation might be important for the regulation of the CRC risk in the different sexes. We used a case-control study to investigate the association between AR methylation in peripheral blood (PBL) and CRC risk. A cohort study was conducted to analyze the effect of AR methylation levels in both PBL and tissue on the prognosis of CRC. AR methylation levels were detected using methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM). The results indicate that the hypomethylation of AR was significantly associated with the risk of CRC (OR = 1.869, 95% CI: 1.629-2.141, P < 0.001), and the results remained similar after adjusting for the propensity score (PS) (OR = 1.344, 95% CI: 1.147-1.575, P < 0.001) and PS matching (OR = 1.138, 95% CI: 1.000-1.292 P = 0.049). The hypomethylation of AR was significantly associated with CRC in males (OR = 2.309, 95% CI: 1.200-4.245; P = 0.012) but not females (OR = 1.000, 95% CI: 0.567-1.765; P = 0.999). The methylation status of AR in PBL and tissue does not seem to be associated with prognosis in colorectal cancer (OR = 1.425, 95% CI: 0.895-2.269, P = 0.135; OR = 0.930, 95% CI: 0.674-1.285, P = 0.661). We conclude that AR hypomethylation in PBL is associated with a high risk of CRC and may serve as a biomarker. Further studies involving large sample sizes are needed to validate the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xia
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongru Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoran Bi
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Pu
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Justina Ucheojor Onwuka
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to Y Liu or B Cui or Y Zhao: or or
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to Y Liu or B Cui or Y Zhao: or or
| | - Yashuang Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to Y Liu or B Cui or Y Zhao: or or
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20
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Čelešnik H, Potočnik U. Improved locus-specific unmethylated controls for MS-HRM analysis derived from 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine-treated DNA. Biotechniques 2019; 66:150-153. [DOI: 10.2144/btn-2018-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report two restriction enzyme-based approaches for generating clean locus-specific unmethylated controls for methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) analyses. These unmethylated standards are derived from DNA treated with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dc). By using them, we overcome a limitation of 5-Aza-dc treatment – incomplete demethylation at various genomic regions. When 5-Aza-dc-treated DNA is used directly as unmethylated MS-HRM standard, partially demethylated DNA can give false methylation results. MS-HRM assay differentiates between methylated and unmethylated bisulfite-treated DNA based on the different melting profiles of PCR products amplified from them. To estimate test sample methylation levels, test sample melting profiles are compared to those of methylation standards. With our pure unmethylated controls, adequate standards of known methylation levels can be prepared for single-locus MS-HRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Čelešnik
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Human Molecular Genetics & Pharmacogenomics, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Potočnik
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Human Molecular Genetics & Pharmacogenomics, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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21
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Paparo L, Nocerino R, Bruno C, Di Scala C, Cosenza L, Bedogni G, Di Costanzo M, Mennini M, D'Argenio V, Salvatore F, Berni Canani R. Randomized controlled trial on the influence of dietary intervention on epigenetic mechanisms in children with cow's milk allergy: the EPICMA study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2828. [PMID: 30808949 PMCID: PMC6391485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38738-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms could drive the disease course of cow’s milk allergy (CMA) and formula choice could modulate these pathways. We compared the effect of two different dietary approaches on epigenetic mechanisms in CMA children. Randomized controlled trial on IgE-mediated CMA children receiving a 12-month treatment with extensively hydrolyzed casein formula containing the probiotic L.rhamnosus GG (EHCF + LGG) or with soy formula (SF). At the baseline, after 6 and 12 months of treatment FoxP3 methylation rate and its expression in CD4+ T cells were assessed. At same study points IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IFN-γ methylation rate, expression and serum concentration, miRNAs expression were also investigated. 20 children (10/group) were evaluated. Baseline demographic, clinical and epigenetic features were similar in the two study groups. At 6 and 12 months, EHCF + LGG group showed a significant increase in FoxP3 demethylation rate compared to SF group. At the same study points, EHCF + LGG group presented a higher increase in IL-4 and IL-5 and a higher reduction in IL-10 and IFN-γ DNA methylation rate compared to SF group. A different modulation of miR-155, -146a, -128 and -193a expression was observed in EHCF + LGG vs. SF. Dietary intervention could exert a different epigenetic modulation on the immune system in CMA children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Paparo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Nocerino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Bruno
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Di Scala
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Linda Cosenza
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bedogni
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Liver Research Center, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Valeria D'Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy. .,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., University Federico II, Naples, Italy. .,European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy. .,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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22
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Yalaev BI, Tyurin AV, Mirgalieva RY, Khusainova RI. The role of DNA methylation in the disorders of bone metabolism. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj19.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of multifactorial diseases, it develops from interactions between the genetic component and the environment. However, the universal epigenetic markers of osteoporosis are not yet defined. Finding the risk factors will predict the risk of osteoporosis at the preclinical stage, help define the course and severity of the disease, and develop preventive measures based on them to reduce the risk of fractures. Expanding knowledge in the field of bone biology, especially in the genetics of osteoporosis and osteoimmunology, showed that osteoporosis is a disease that occurs not only due to hormonal or mechanical disorders, but also as a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease, and there are still unknown pathogenetic links in its structure. Decreases in bone mass and matrix mineralization as well as changes in bone microarchitecture can have different pathogenetic patterns of development and, moreover, there are unknown links of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. It is possible that DNA methylation is one of these links and a mechanism for epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Evidence exists that this mechanism alongside regulatory miRNAs and post-translational modifications makes a significant contribution to the central processes of bone remodeling; however, the results of various studies vary greatly, and, therefore, there is a need to understand the significance of the accumulated data and to make them consistent. The purpose of this review is to compile and systematize data on the role of DNA methylation in bone metabolism in normal and pathological conditions, in the formation of osteoporosis, and to assess achievements and trends in this field of research and technologies for studying DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. I. Yalaev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of Ufa Science Centre RAS
| | | | | | - R. I. Khusainova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of Ufa Science Centre RAS; Republican Medical-Genetic Center
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23
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Santoni G, Morelli MB, Amantini C, Battelli N. Urinary Markers in Bladder Cancer: An Update. Front Oncol 2018; 8:362. [PMID: 30245975 PMCID: PMC6137202 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is ones of the most common cancer worldwide. It is classified in muscle invasive (MIBC) and muscle non-invasive (NMIBC) BC. NMIBCs frequently recur and progress to MIBCs with a reduced survival rate and frequent distant metastasis. BC detection require unpleasant and expensive cystoscopy and biopsy, which are often accompanied by several adverse effects. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel diagnostic methods for initial detection and surveillance in both MIBCs and NMIBCs. Multiple urine-based tests approved by FDA for BC detection and surveillance are commercially available. However, at present, sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of these urine-based assays are still suboptimal and, in the attend to improve them, novel molecular markers as well as multiple-assays must to be translated in clinic. Now there are growing evidence toward the use of minimally invasive “liquid biopsy” to identify biomarkers in urologic malignancy. DNA- and RNA-based markers in body fluids such as blood and urine are promising potential markers in diagnostic, prognostic, predictive and monitoring urological malignancies. Thus, circulating cell-free DNA, DNA methylation and mutations, circulating tumor cells, miRNA, IncRNA and mRNAs, cell-free proteins and peptides, and exosomes have been assessed in urine specimens. However, proteomic and genomic data must to be validated in well-designed multicenter clinical studies, before to be employed in clinic oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Santoni
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Maria B Morelli
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Consuelo Amantini
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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