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Palumbo C, Sisi F, Checchi M. CAM Model: Intriguing Natural Bioreactor for Sustainable Research and Reliable/Versatile Testing. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1219. [PMID: 37759618 PMCID: PMC10525291 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
We are witnessing the revival of the CAM model, which has already used been in the past by several researchers studying angiogenesis and anti-cancer drugs and now offers a refined model to fill, in the translational meaning, the gap between in vitro and in vivo studies. It can be used for a wide range of purposes, from testing cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, tumorigenesis, and invasion to the action mechanisms of molecules and validation of new materials from tissue engineering research. The CAM model is easy to use, with a fast outcome, and makes experimental research more sustainable since it allows us to replace, reduce, and refine pre-clinical experimentation ("3Rs" rules). This review aims to highlight some unique potential that the CAM-assay presents; in particular, the authors intend to use the CAM model in the future to verify, in a microenvironment comparable to in vivo conditions, albeit simplified, the angiogenic ability of functionalized 3D constructs to be used in regenerative medicine strategies in the recovery of skeletal injuries of critical size (CSD) that do not repair spontaneously. For this purpose, organotypic cultures will be planned on several CAMs set up in temporal sequences, and a sort of organ model for assessing CSD will be utilized in the CAM bioreactor rather than in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Checchi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia—Largo del Pozzo, 41124 Modena, Italy
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Sola B, Caillot M. L’embryon de poule. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:795-799. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Le développement de drogues anti-cancéreuses à visée thérapeutique nécessite leur évaluation. Ces drogues candidates sont généralement testées in vitro, sur des lignées cellulaires ou sur des cellules isolées à partir de patients, et, in vivo, dans des modèles de xénogreffe chez la souris immunodéprimée. Depuis quelques années, les contraintes réglementaires (règle des 3R : réduire, raffiner, remplacer) imposent de mettre en place des modèles alternatifs qui se substituent aux modèles murins ou, au moins, en limitent l’utilisation. Parmi les modèles alternatifs proposés, la greffe sur membrane chorio-allantoïdienne d’embryon de poule semble performante. Elle permet de suivre et de quantifier la croissance tumorale et d’autres paramètres associés, comme la néo-angiogenèse, l’invasion et la migration tumorales. Elle permet aussi le criblage de drogues. Ce modèle semble également adapté à la médecine personnalisée en cancérologie. Nous présentons dans cette revue la technique et ses avantages.
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Microvascular Experimentation in the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane as a Model for Screening Angiogenic Agents including from Gene-Modified Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010452. [PMID: 35008876 PMCID: PMC8745510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay model of angiogenesis has been highlighted as a relatively quick, low cost and effective model for the study of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. The chick CAM is a highly vascularised extraembryonic membrane which functions for gas exchange, nutrient exchange and waste removal for the growing chick embryo. It is beneficial as it can function as a treatment screening tool, which bridges the gap between cell based in vitro studies and in vivo animal experimentation. In this review, we explore the benefits and drawbacks of the CAM assay to study microcirculation, by the investigation of each distinct stage of the CAM assay procedure, including cultivation techniques, treatment applications and methods of determining an angiogenic response using this assay. We detail the angiogenic effect of treatments, including drugs, metabolites, genes and cells used in conjunction with the CAM assay, while also highlighting the testing of genetically modified cells. We also present a detailed exploration of the advantages and limitations of different CAM analysis techniques, including visual assessment, histological and molecular analysis along with vascular casting methods and live blood flow observations.
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Anderson RL, Balasas T, Callaghan J, Coombes RC, Evans J, Hall JA, Kinrade S, Jones D, Jones PS, Jones R, Marshall JF, Panico MB, Shaw JA, Steeg PS, Sullivan M, Tong W, Westwell AD, Ritchie JWA. A framework for the development of effective anti-metastatic agents. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:185-204. [PMID: 30514977 PMCID: PMC7136167 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-018-0134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most cancer-related deaths are a result of metastasis, and thus the importance of this process as a target of therapy cannot be understated. By asking 'how can we effectively treat cancer?', we do not capture the complexity of a disease encompassing >200 different cancer types - many consisting of multiple subtypes - with considerable intratumoural heterogeneity, which can result in variable responses to a specific therapy. Moreover, we have much less information on the pathophysiological characteristics of metastases than is available for the primary tumour. Most disseminated tumour cells that arrive in distant tissues, surrounded by unfamiliar cells and a foreign microenvironment, are likely to die; however, those that survive can generate metastatic tumours with a markedly different biology from that of the primary tumour. To treat metastasis effectively, we must inhibit fundamental metastatic processes and develop specific preclinical and clinical strategies that do not rely on primary tumour responses. To address this crucial issue, Cancer Research UK and Cancer Therapeutics CRC Australia formed a Metastasis Working Group with representatives from not-for-profit, academic, government, industry and regulatory bodies in order to develop recommendations on how to tackle the challenges associated with treating (micro)metastatic disease. Herein, we describe the challenges identified as well as the proposed approaches for discovering and developing anticancer agents designed specifically to prevent or delay the metastatic outgrowth of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Anderson
- Translational Breast Cancer Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Therapeutics Cooperative Research Centre (CTx), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theo Balasas
- Commercial Partnerships, Cancer Research UK (CRUK), London, UK
| | - Juliana Callaghan
- Research and Innovation Services, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
| | - R Charles Coombes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jeff Evans
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Jacqueline A Hall
- Research and Development, Vivacitv Ltd, Chesham, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Sally Kinrade
- Cancer Therapeutics Cooperative Research Centre (CTx), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Medicines Development for Global Health, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Jones
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, UK
| | | | - Rob Jones
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - John F Marshall
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Jacqui A Shaw
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Sullivan
- Cancer Therapeutics Cooperative Research Centre (CTx), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Medicines Development for Global Health, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warwick Tong
- Cancer Therapeutics Cooperative Research Centre (CTx), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew D Westwell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - James W A Ritchie
- Commercial Partnerships, Cancer Research UK (CRUK), London, UK.
- Centre for Drug Development, CRUK, London, UK.
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