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Kell DB, Pretorius E. Are fibrinaloid microclots a cause of autoimmunity in Long Covid and other post-infection diseases? Biochem J 2023; 480:1217-1240. [PMID: 37584410 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
It is now well established that the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen can polymerise into an anomalous form of fibrin that is amyloid in character; the resultant clots and microclots entrap many other molecules, stain with fluorogenic amyloid stains, are rather resistant to fibrinolysis, can block up microcapillaries, are implicated in a variety of diseases including Long COVID, and have been referred to as fibrinaloids. A necessary corollary of this anomalous polymerisation is the generation of novel epitopes in proteins that would normally be seen as 'self', and otherwise immunologically silent. The precise conformation of the resulting fibrinaloid clots (that, as with prions and classical amyloid proteins, can adopt multiple, stable conformations) must depend on the existing small molecules and metal ions that the fibrinogen may (and is some cases is known to) have bound before polymerisation. Any such novel epitopes, however, are likely to lead to the generation of autoantibodies. A convergent phenomenology, including distinct conformations and seeding of the anomalous form for initiation and propagation, is emerging to link knowledge in prions, prionoids, amyloids and now fibrinaloids. We here summarise the evidence for the above reasoning, which has substantial implications for our understanding of the genesis of autoimmunity (and the possible prevention thereof) based on the primary process of fibrinaloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 200, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Larsson JNK, Nyström S, Hammarström P. HSP10 as a Chaperone for Neurodegenerative Amyloid Fibrils. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:902600. [PMID: 35769706 PMCID: PMC9234269 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.902600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are associated with accumulated misfolded proteins (MPs). MPs oligomerize and form multiple forms of amyloid fibril polymorphs that dictate fibril propagation and cellular dysfunction. Protein misfolding processes that impair protein homeostasis are implicated in onset and progression of NDs. A wide variety of molecular chaperones safeguard the cell from MP accumulation. A rather overlooked molecular chaperone is HSP10, known as a co-chaperone for HSP60. Due to the ubiquitous presence in human tissues and protein overabundance compared with HSP60, we studied how HSP10 alone influences fibril formation in vitro of Alzheimer’s disease-associated Aβ1–42. At sub-stoichiometric concentrations, eukaryotic HSP10s (human and Drosophila) significantly influenced the fibril formation process and the fibril structure of Aβ1–42, more so than the prokaryotic HSP10 GroES. Similar effects were observed for prion disease-associated prion protein HuPrP90–231. Paradoxically, for a chaperone, low concentrations of HSP10 appeared to promote fibril nucleation by shortened lag-phases, which were chaperone and substrate dependent. Higher concentrations of chaperone while still sub-stoichiometric extended the nucleation and/or the elongation phase. We hypothesized that HSP10 by means of its seven mobile loops provides the chaperone with high avidity binding to amyloid fibril ends. The preserved sequence of the edge of the mobile loop GGIM(V)L (29–33 human numbering) normally dock to the HSP60 apical domain. Interestingly, this segment shows sequence similarity to amyloidogenic core segments of Aβ1–42, GGVVI (37–41), and HuPrP90-231 GGYML (126–130) likely allowing efficient competitive binding to fibrillar conformations of these MPs. Our results propose that HSP10 can function as an important molecular chaperone in human proteostasis in NDs.
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Sandberg A, Ling H, Gearing M, Dombroski B, Cantwell L, R'Bibo L, Levey A, Schellenberg GD, Hardy J, Wood N, Fernius J, Nyström S, Svensson S, Thor S, Hammarström P, Revesz T, Mok KY. Fibrillation and molecular characteristics are coherent with clinical and pathological features of 4-repeat tauopathy caused by MAPT variant G273R. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105079. [PMID: 32961270 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule Associated Protein Tau (MAPT) forms proteopathic aggregates in several diseases. The G273R tau mutation, located in the first repeat region, was found by exome sequencing in a patient who presented with dementia and parkinsonism. We herein return to pathological examination which demonstrated tau immunoreactivity in neurons and glia consistent of mixed progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) features. To rationalize the pathological findings, we used molecular biophysics to characterize the mutation in more detail in vitro and in Drosophila. The G273R mutation increases the aggregation propensity of 4-repeat (4R) tau and alters the tau binding affinity towards microtubules (MTs) and F-actin. Tau aggregates in PSP and CBD are predominantly 4R tau. Our data suggest that the G273R mutation induces a shift in pool of 4R tau by lower F-actin affinity, alters the conformation of MT bound 4R tau, while increasing chaperoning of 3R tau by binding stronger to F-actin. The mutation augmented fibrillation of 4R tau initiation in vitro and in glial cells in Drosophila and showed preferential seeding of 4R tau in vitro suggestively causing a late onset 4R tauopathy reminiscent of PSP and CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sandberg
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Helen Ling
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marla Gearing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology and Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Beth Dombroski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Cantwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lea R'Bibo
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Allan Levey
- Department of Neurology and Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Hardy
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Nicholas Wood
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Josefin Fernius
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofie Nyström
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Samuel Svensson
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; CBD Solutions, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Thor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Per Hammarström
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Kin Y Mok
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Ojaghi S, Mohammadi S, Amani M, Ghobadi S, Bijari N, Esmaeili S, Khodarahmi R. Sunset yellow degradation product, as an efficient water-soluble inducer, accelerates 1N4R Tau amyloid oligomerization: In vitro preliminary evidence against the food colorant safety in terms of "Triggered Amyloid Aggregation". Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104123. [PMID: 32781343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Today, Alzheimer's disease (AD) as the most prevalent type of dementia turns into one of the most severe health problems. Neurofibrillary tangle (NFT), mostly comprised of fibrils formed by Tau, is a hallmark of a class of neurodegenerative diseases. Tau protein promotes assembly and makes stable microtubules that play a role in the appropriate function of neurons. Polyanionic cofactors such as heparin, and azo dyes, can induce aggregation of tau protein in vitro. Sunset Yellow is a food colorant used widely in food industries. In the current work, we introduced degradation product (DP) of Sunset Yellow as an effective inducer of Tau aggregation. Two Tau aggregation inducers were produced, and then the aggregation kinetics and the structure of 1N4R Tau amyloid fibrils were characterized using ThT fluorescence spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), circular dichroism (CD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Also, the toxic effects of the induced aggregates on RBCs and SH-SY5Y cells were demonstrated by hemolysis and LDH assays, respectively. Both inducers efficiently accelerated the formation of the amyloid fibril. Along with the confirmation of the β-sheets structure in Tau aggregates by Far-UV CD spectra, X-ray diffractions revealed the typical cross-β diffraction pattern. The oligomer formation in the presence of DPs was also confirmed by AFM. The possible in vivo effect of artificial azo dyes on Tau aggregation should be considered seriously as a newly opened dimension in food safety and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ojaghi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Soheila Mohammadi
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Amani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sirous Ghobadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nooshin Bijari
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sajjad Esmaeili
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Mishra R, Elgland M, Begum A, Fyrner T, Konradsson P, Nyström S, Hammarström P. Impact of N-glycosylation site variants during human PrP aggregation and fibril nucleation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:909-921. [PMID: 30935958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Misfolding and aggregation of the human prion protein (PrP) cause neurodegenerative transmissible spongiform encephalopathies such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Mature native PrP is composed of 209 residues and is folded into a C-terminal globular domain (residues 125-209) comprising a small two-stranded β-sheet and three α-helices. The N-terminal domain (residues 23-124) is intrinsically disordered. Expression of truncated PrP (residues 90-231) is sufficient to cause prion disease and residues 90/100-231 is comprising the amyloid-like fibril core of misfolded infectious PrP. During PrP fibril formation under native conditions in vitro, the disordered N-terminal domain slows down fibril formation likely due to a mechanism of initial aggregation forming morphologically disordered aggregates. The morphological disordered aggregate is a transient phase. Nucleation of fibrils occurs from this initial aggregate. The aggregate phase is largely circumvented by seeding with preformed PrP fibrils. In vivo PrP is N-glycosylated at positions Asn181 and Asn197. Little is known about the importance of these positions and their glycans for PrP stability, aggregation and fibril formation. We have in this study taken a step towards that goal by mutating residues 181 and 197 for cysteines to study the positional impact on these processes. We have further by organic synthetic chemistry and chemical modification generated synthetic glycosylations in these positions. Our data shows that residue 181 when mutated to a cysteine is a key residue for self-chaperoning, rendering a trap in the initial aggregate preventing conformational changes towards amyloid fibril formation. Position 197 is less involved in the aggregate trapping and is more geared towards β-sheet structure conversion within amyloid fibrils. As expected, synthetic glycosylated 197 is less affected towards fibril formation compared to glycosylated 181. Our data are rather compatible with the parallel in-register intermolecular β-sheet model structure of the PrP90-231 fibril and sheds light on the misfolding transitions of PrP in vitro. We hypothesize that glycosylation of position 181 is a key site for prion strain differentiation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Mishra
- IFM-Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mathias Elgland
- IFM-Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Afshan Begum
- IFM-Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Timmy Fyrner
- IFM-Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Konradsson
- IFM-Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofie Nyström
- IFM-Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per Hammarström
- IFM-Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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