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Jung P, Zhou X, Iden S, Qu B, Bischoff M. Characterization of the Elasticity of CD4 + T Cells: An Approach Based on Peak Force Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4383. [PMID: 35800101 PMCID: PMC9081480 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are essential players in orchestrating the specific immune response against intracellular pathogens, and in inhibiting tumor development in an early stage. The activation of T cells is triggered by engagement of T cell receptors (TCRs). Here, CD3 and CD28 molecules are key factors, (co)stimulating signaling pathways essential for activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells. T cell activation induces the formation of a tight mechanical bond between T cell and target cell, the so-called immunological synapse (IS). Due to this, mechanical cell properties, including stiffness, play a significant role in modulating cell functions. In the past, many approaches were made to investigate mechanical properties of immune cells, including micropipette aspiration, microplate-based rheometry, techniques based on deformation during cytometry, or the use of optical tweezers. However, the stiffness of T lymphocytes at a subcellular level at the IS still remains largely elusive. With this protocol, we introduce a method based on atomic force microscopy (AFM), to investigate the local cellular stiffness of T cells on functionalized glass/Polydimethylsiloxan (PDMS) surfaces, which mimicks focal stimulation of target cells inducing IS formation by T cells. By applying the peak force nanomechanical mapping (QNM) technique, cellular surface structures and the local stiffness are determined simultaneously, with a resolution of approximately 60 nm. This protocol can be easily adapted to investigate the mechanical impact of numerous factors influencing IS formation and T cell activation. Graphical abstract: Overview of the experimental workflow. Individual experimental steps are shown on the left, hands on and incubation times for each step are shown right.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Jung
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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*For correspondence:
| | - Xiangda Zhou
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Iden
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
,Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Sergunova V, Leesment S, Kozlov A, Inozemtsev V, Platitsina P, Lyapunova S, Onufrievich A, Polyakov V, Sherstyukova E. Investigation of Red Blood Cells by Atomic Force Microscopy. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22052055. [PMID: 35271203 PMCID: PMC8914789 DOI: 10.3390/s22052055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, much research is devoted to the study of biological objects using atomic force microscopy (AFM). This method’s resolution is superior to the other non-scanning techniques. Our study aims to further emphasize some of the advantages of using AFM as a clinical screening tool. The study focused on red blood cells exposed to various physical and chemical factors, namely hemin, zinc ions, and long-term storage. AFM was used to investigate the morphological, nanostructural, cytoskeletal, and mechanical properties of red blood cells (RBCs). Based on experimental data, a set of important biomarkers determining the status of blood cells have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Sergunova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Cell Membranes under Critical State, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, 107031 Moscow, Russia; (V.I.); (S.L.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-985-724-1827
| | - Stanislav Leesment
- NT-MDT Spectrum Instruments, Proezd 4922, 4/3 Zelenograd, 124460 Moscow, Russia; (S.L.); (V.P.)
| | - Aleksandr Kozlov
- Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Inozemtsev
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Cell Membranes under Critical State, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, 107031 Moscow, Russia; (V.I.); (S.L.); (E.S.)
| | - Polina Platitsina
- Institute of Biotechnical Systems and Technologies National Research“MIET”, Shokin Sq., Build.1, 124498 Zelenograd, Russia;
| | - Snezhanna Lyapunova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Cell Membranes under Critical State, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, 107031 Moscow, Russia; (V.I.); (S.L.); (E.S.)
| | - Alexander Onufrievich
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “N.N. Burdenko Main Military Clinical Hospital” of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Hospital Sq., Build. 3, 105094 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vyacheslav Polyakov
- NT-MDT Spectrum Instruments, Proezd 4922, 4/3 Zelenograd, 124460 Moscow, Russia; (S.L.); (V.P.)
| | - Ekaterina Sherstyukova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Cell Membranes under Critical State, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, V.A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, 107031 Moscow, Russia; (V.I.); (S.L.); (E.S.)
- Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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Yang S, Dong Y, Liu Y, Yan X, Sun G, Jia G, Li X, Liu H, Su H, Li Y. Application of lipidomics strategy to explore aging-related biomarkers and potential anti-aging mechanisms of ginseng. Biogerontology 2021; 22:589-602. [PMID: 34542790 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-021-09937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging often leads to an increase risk of age-related diseases, and the development of anti-aging drugs have become the trend and focus of the current scientific research. In this experiment, serum samples from healthy people of different ages were analyzed based on clinical lipidomics, and a total of 10 potential biomarkers in middle-aged and youth group, 20 biomarkers in the youth and the elderly group were obtained. Furthermore, dhSph and dhCer involved above may affect the aging process through sphingolipid metabolic pathway. As the first and rate-limiting step of catalyzing de novo sphingolipid pathway, SPT may play a key role in human anti-aging, which is revealed by lipidomics liposome tracer analysis. The potential active components in ginseng on SPT was further verified by molecular docking virtual screening and atomic force microscope. Four ingredients of ginseng may reduce the levels of metabolites dhSph and dhCer by inhibiting the activity of SPT, and play an anti-aging effect by affecting the sphingolipid metabolism pathway.A clinical trials registration number: ChiCTR1900026836.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenshen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yaqian Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yuechen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xingxu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Guijiang Sun
- Department of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, No. 23 Pingjiang Street, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Guoxiang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaokai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Haihua Su
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, PKU Care CNOOC Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yubo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Escaping the endosome: assessing cellular trafficking mechanisms of non-viral vehicles. J Control Release 2021; 335:465-480. [PMID: 34077782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-viral vehicles hold therapeutic promise in advancing the delivery of a variety of cargos in vitro and in vivo, including small molecule drugs, biologics, and especially nucleic acids. However, their efficacy at the cellular level is limited by several delivery barriers, with endolysosomal degradation being most significant. The entrapment of vehicles and their cargo in the acidified endosome prevents access to the cytosol, nucleus, and other subcellular compartments. Understanding the factors that contribute to uptake and intracellular trafficking, especially endosomal entrapment and release, is key to overcoming delivery obstacles within cells. In this review, we summarize and compare experimental techniques for assessing the extent of endosomal escape of a variety of non-viral vehicles and describe proposed escape mechanisms for different classes of lipid-, polymer-, and peptide-based delivery agents. Based on this evaluation, we present forward-looking strategies utilizing information gained from mechanistic studies to inform the rational design of efficient delivery vehicles.
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Establishment of a 1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid mono-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (DOTA-NHS-ester) based lectin microarray for efficiently detecting serum glycans in gastric cancers. Anal Biochem 2020; 597:113686. [PMID: 32156505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Development of cancers is involved in changes of a variety of glycans. Lectin microarray is one of the most powerful methodologies for investigation of glycan alterations in biological samples with its advantages of high through-put, selectivity and specificity of the technique. However, utilization of lectin microarrays available commercially keeps of great challenges. In this study, we took use of the molecular self-assembled monolayer technique to modify a gold surface with the reagent 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid mono-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (DOTA-NHS-ester) in combination with 16-amino-1-hexadecanethiol hydrochloride. Cross-linking effect of DOTA-NHS-ester is brought about via activating three -OH ends to three terminals of succinylimidines, making selective binding of the terminal amino groups in proteins possible. We immobilized ten commercial lectins on the platform and measured changes of serum lectin-matched glycans in patients with gastric cancer. The results demonstrated that this biochip modification platform conferred impressive chemical surface stabilization, sensitivity and geometric images. We observed that all the serum glycans tested in the patients were significantly higher than those in the controls (P < 0.05). The biochip would provide a versatile platform for investigation of potential glycan biomarkers in making tumor diagnosis decision and analyzing escape of tumors from immunity.
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