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Marwal A, Gaur RK. Host Plant Strategies to Combat Against Viruses Effector Proteins. Curr Genomics 2020; 21:401-410. [PMID: 33093803 PMCID: PMC7536791 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921999200712135131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate parasites that exist in an inactive state until they enter the host body. Upon entry, viruses become active and start replicating by using the host cell machinery. All plant viruses can augment their transmission, thus powering their detrimental effects on the host plant. To diminish infection and diseases caused by viruses, the plant has a defence mechanism known as pathogenesis-related biochemicals, which are metabolites and proteins. Proteins that ultimately prevent pathogenic diseases are called R proteins. Several plant R genes (that confirm resistance) and avirulence protein (Avr) (pathogen Avr gene-encoded proteins [effector/elicitor proteins involved in pathogenicity]) molecules have been identified. The recognition of such a factor results in the plant defence mechanism. During plant viral infection, the replication and expression of a viral molecule lead to a series of a hypersensitive response (HR) and affect the host plant's immunity (pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity). Avr protein renders the host RNA silencing mechanism and its innate immunity, chiefly known as silencing suppressors towards the plant defensive machinery. This is a strong reply to the plant defensive machinery by harmful plant viruses. In this review, we describe the plant pathogen resistance protein and how these proteins regulate host immunity during plant-virus interactions. Furthermore, we have discussed regarding ribosome-inactivating proteins, ubiquitin proteasome system, translation repression (nuclear shuttle protein interacting kinase 1), DNA methylation, dominant resistance genes, and autophagy-mediated protein degradation, which are crucial in antiviral defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Marwal
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Vigyan Bhawan - Block B, New Campus, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan - 313001, India; 2Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh - 273009, India
| | - Rajarshi Kumar Gaur
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Vigyan Bhawan - Block B, New Campus, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan - 313001, India; 2Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh - 273009, India
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Cardinali-Rezende J, Di Genova A, Nahat RATPS, Steinbüchel A, Sagot MF, Costa RS, Oliveira HC, Taciro MK, Silva LF, Gomez JGC. The relevance of enzyme specificity for coenzymes and the presence of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase for polyhydroxyalkanoates production in the metabolism of Pseudomonas sp. LFM046. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:240-250. [PMID: 32622773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reconstruction of genome-based metabolic model is a useful approach for the assessment of metabolic pathways, genes and proteins involved in the environmental fitness capabilities or pathogenic potential as well as for biotechnological processes development. Pseudomonas sp. LFM046 was selected as a good polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producer from carbohydrates and plant oils. Its complete genome sequence and metabolic model were obtained. Analysis revealed that the gnd gene, encoding 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, is absent in Pseudomonas sp. LFM046 genome. In order to improve the knowledge about LFM046 metabolism, the coenzyme specificities of different enzymes was evaluated. Furthermore, the heterologous expression of gnd genes from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 (NAD+ dependent) and Escherichia coli MG1655 (NADP+ dependent) in LFM046 was carried out and provoke a delay on cell growth and a reduction in PHA yield, respectively. The results indicate that the adjustment in cyclic Entner-Doudoroff pathway may be an interesting strategy for it and other bacteria to simultaneously meet divergent cell needs during cultivation phases of growth and PHA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cardinali-Rezende
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Bioproducts Laboratory, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1374 São Paulo, Brazil; Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Münster, Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Corrensstrasse 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Alex Di Genova
- ERABLE Team, Inria Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rafael A T P S Nahat
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Bioproducts Laboratory, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1374 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander Steinbüchel
- Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Münster, Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Corrensstrasse 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Environmental Sciences Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marie-France Sagot
- ERABLE Team, Inria Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rafael S Costa
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Henrique C Oliveira
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Bioproducts Laboratory, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1374 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilda K Taciro
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Bioproducts Laboratory, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1374 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiziana F Silva
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Bioproducts Laboratory, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1374 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Gregório C Gomez
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Bioproducts Laboratory, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1374 São Paulo, Brazil.
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