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Ocasio CA, Baggelaar MP, Sipthorp J, Losada de la Lastra A, Tavares M, Volarić J, Soudy C, Storck EM, Houghton JW, Palma-Duran SA, MacRae JI, Tomić G, Carr L, Downward J, Eggert US, Tate EW. A palmitoyl transferase chemical-genetic system to map ZDHHC-specific S-acylation. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:1548-1558. [PMID: 38191663 PMCID: PMC11471619 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-02030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The 23 human zinc finger Asp-His-His-Cys motif-containing (ZDHHC) S-acyltransferases catalyze long-chain S-acylation at cysteine residues across an extensive network of hundreds of proteins important for normal physiology or dysregulated in disease. Here we present a technology to directly map the protein substrates of a specific ZDHHC at the whole-proteome level, in intact cells. Structure-guided engineering of paired ZDHHC 'hole' mutants and 'bumped' chemically tagged fatty acid probes enabled probe transfer to specific protein substrates with excellent selectivity over wild-type ZDHHCs. Chemical-genetic systems were exemplified for five human ZDHHCs (3, 7, 11, 15 and 20) and applied to generate de novo ZDHHC substrate profiles, identifying >300 substrates and S-acylation sites for new functionally diverse proteins across multiple cell lines. We expect that this platform will elucidate S-acylation biology for a wide range of models and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc P Baggelaar
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- Utrecht University, Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Group, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James Sipthorp
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - Ana Losada de la Lastra
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - Manuel Tavares
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - Jana Volarić
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | | | - Elisabeth M Storck
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences and Department of Chemistry, London, UK
| | | | - Susana A Palma-Duran
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Food Science, Research Center in Food and Development A.C., Hermosillo, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Ulrike S Eggert
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences and Department of Chemistry, London, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK.
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2
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Liu Z, Li S, Wang C, Vidmar KJ, Bracey S, Li L, Willard B, Miyagi M, Lan T, Dickinson BC, Osme A, Pizarro TT, Xiao TS. Palmitoylation at a conserved cysteine residue facilitates gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis and cytokine release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400883121. [PMID: 38980908 PMCID: PMC11260154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400883121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptotic cell death drives inflammatory cytokine release and downstream immune responses upon inflammasome activation, which play important roles in host defense and inflammatory disorders. Upon activation by proteases, the GSDMD N-terminal domain (NTD) undergoes oligomerization and membrane translocation in the presence of lipids to assemble pores. Despite intensive studies, the molecular events underlying the transition of GSDMD from an autoinhibited soluble form to an oligomeric pore form inserted into the membrane remain incompletely understood. Previous work characterized S-palmitoylation for gasdermins from bacteria, fungi, invertebrates, as well as mammalian gasdermin E (GSDME). Here, we report that a conserved residue Cys191 in human GSDMD was S-palmitoylated, which promoted GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis and cytokine release. Mutation of Cys191 or treatment with palmitoyltransferase inhibitors cyano-myracrylamide (CMA) or 2-bromopalmitate (2BP) suppressed GSDMD palmitoylation, its localization to the membrane and dampened pyroptosis or IL-1β secretion. Furthermore, Gsdmd-dependent inflammatory responses were alleviated by inhibition of palmitoylation in vivo. By contrast, coexpression of GSDMD with palmitoyltransferases enhanced pyroptotic cell death, while introduction of exogenous palmitoylation sequences fully restored pyroptotic activities to the C191A mutant, suggesting that palmitoylation-mediated membrane localization may be distinct from other molecular events such as GSDMD conformational change during pore assembly. Collectively, our study suggests that S-palmitoylation may be a shared regulatory mechanism for GSDMD and other gasdermins, which points to potential avenues for therapeutically targeting S-palmitoylation of gasdermins in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230027, China
| | - Sai Li
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230027, China
| | - Chuanping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Kaylynn J. Vidmar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Syrena Bracey
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Ling Li
- Proteomics and Metabolic Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH44196
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics and Metabolic Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH44196
| | - Masaru Miyagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Tong Lan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
| | | | - Abdullah Osme
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Theresa T. Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
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3
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Ramadan AA, Mayilsamy K, McGill AR, Ghosh A, Giulianotti MA, Donow HM, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S, Chandran B, Deschenes RJ, Roy A. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Palmitoylation Inhibitors That Results in Release of Attenuated Virus with Reduced Infectivity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030531. [PMID: 35336938 PMCID: PMC8950683 DOI: 10.3390/v14030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike proteins of enveloped viruses are transmembrane glycoproteins that typically undergo post-translational attachment of palmitate on cysteine residues on the cytoplasmic facing tail of the protein. The role of spike protein palmitoylation in virus biogenesis and infectivity is being actively studied as a potential target of novel antivirals. Here, we report that palmitoylation of the first five cysteine residues of the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein are indispensable for infection, and palmitoylation-deficient spike mutants are defective in membrane fusion. The DHHC9 palmitoyltransferase interacts with and palmitoylates the spike protein in the ER and Golgi and knockdown of DHHC9 results in reduced fusion and infection of SARS-CoV-2. Two bis-piperazine backbone-based DHHC9 inhibitors inhibit SARS-CoV-2 S protein palmitoylation and the resulting progeny virion particles released are defective in fusion and infection. This establishes these palmitoyltransferase inhibitors as potential new intervention strategies against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Ramadan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Karthick Mayilsamy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Andrew R. McGill
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Anandita Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Marc A. Giulianotti
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA; (M.A.G.); (H.M.D.)
| | - Haley M. Donow
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA; (M.A.G.); (H.M.D.)
| | - Shyam S. Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bala Chandran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
| | - Robert J. Deschenes
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.J.D.); (A.R.); Tel.: +1-(813)-974-6393 (R.J.D.); +1-(813)-974-5540 (A.R.)
| | - Arunava Roy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.A.R.); (K.M.); (A.R.M.); (A.G.); (S.S.M.); (S.M.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.J.D.); (A.R.); Tel.: +1-(813)-974-6393 (R.J.D.); +1-(813)-974-5540 (A.R.)
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4
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Gadalla MR, Abrami L, van der Goot FG, Veit M. Hemagglutinin of Influenza A, but not of Influenza B and C viruses is acylated by ZDHHC2, 8, 15 and 20. Biochem J 2020; 477:285-303. [PMID: 31872235 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA), a glycoprotein of Influenza A viruses and its proton channel M2 are site-specifically modified with fatty acids. Whereas two cysteines in the short cytoplasmic tail of HA contain only palmitate, stearate is exclusively attached to one cysteine located at the cytoplasmic border of the transmembrane region (TMR). M2 is palmitoylated at a cysteine positioned in an amphiphilic helix near the TMR. The enzymes catalyzing acylation of HA and M2 have not been identified, but zinc finger DHHC domain-containing (ZDHHC) palmitoyltransferases are candidates. We used a siRNA library to knockdown expression of each of the 23 human ZDHHCs in HA-expressing HeLa cells. siRNAs against ZDHHC2 and 8 had the strongest effect on acylation of HA as demonstrated by Acyl-RAC and confirmed by 3H-palmitate labeling. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of ZDHHC2 and 8 in HAP1 cells, but also of the phylogenetically related ZDHHCs 15 and 20 strongly reduced acylation of group 1 and group 2 HAs and of M2, but individual ZDHHCs exhibit slightly different substrate preferences. These ZDHHCs co-localize with HA at membranes of the exocytic pathway in a human lung cell line. ZDHHC2, 8, 15 and 20 are not required for acylation of the HA-esterase-fusion protein of Influenza C virus that contains only stearate at one transmembrane cysteine. Knockout of these ZDHHCs also did not compromise acylation of HA of Influenza B virus that contains two palmitoylated cysteines in its cytoplasmic tail. Results are discussed with respect to the acyl preferences and possible substrate recognition features of the identified ZDHHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rasheed Gadalla
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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