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Atarashi H, Jayasinghe WH, Kwon J, Kim H, Taninaka Y, Igarashi M, Ito K, Yamada T, Masuta C, Nakahara KS. Artificially Edited Alleles of the Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E1 Gene Differentially Reduce Susceptibility to Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Potato Virus Y in Tomato. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:564310. [PMID: 33362728 PMCID: PMC7758215 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.564310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factors, including eIF4E, are susceptibility factors for viral infection in host plants. Mutation and double-stranded RNA-mediated silencing of tomato eIF4E genes can confer resistance to viruses, particularly members of the Potyvirus genus. Here, we artificially mutated the eIF4E1 gene on chromosome 3 of a commercial cultivar of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) by using CRISPR/Cas9. We obtained three alleles, comprising two deletions of three and nine nucleotides (3DEL and 9DEL) and a single nucleotide insertion (1INS), near regions that encode amino acid residues important for binding to the mRNA 5' cap structure and to eIF4G. Plants homozygous for these alleles were termed 3DEL, 9DEL, and 1INS plants, respectively. In accordance with previous studies, inoculation tests with potato virus Y (PVY; type member of the genus Potyvirus) yielded a significant reduction in susceptibility to the N strain (PVYN), but not to the ordinary strain (PVYO), in 1INS plants. 9DEL among three artificial alleles had a deleterious effect on infection by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, type member of the genus Cucumovirus). When CMV was mechanically inoculated into tomato plants and viral coat accumulation was measured in the non-inoculated upper leaves, the level of viral coat protein was significantly lower in the 9DEL plants than in the parental cultivar. Tissue blotting of microperforated inoculated leaves of the 9DEL plants revealed significantly fewer infection foci compared with those of the parental cultivar, suggesting that 9DEL negatively affects the initial steps of infection with CMV in a mechanically inoculated leaf. In laboratory tests, viral aphid transmission from an infected susceptible plant to 9DEL plants was reduced compared with the parental control. Although many pathogen resistance genes have been discovered in tomato and its wild relatives, no CMV resistance genes have been used in practice. RNA silencing of eIF4E expression has previously been reported to not affect susceptibility to CMV in tomato. Our findings suggest that artificial gene editing can introduce additional resistance to that achieved with mutagenesis breeding, and that edited eIF4E alleles confer an alternative way to manage CMV in tomato fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Atarashi
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Wikum Harshana Jayasinghe
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Joon Kwon
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hangil Kim
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Taninaka
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ito
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji S Nakahara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Liu J, Sun Z, Zou Y, Li W, He F, Huang X, Lin C, Cai Q, Wisniewski M, Wu X. Pre- and postharvest measures used to control decay and mycotoxigenic fungi in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) during storage. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:415-428. [PMID: 32924541 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1818688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), a worldwide, staple food crop, is susceptible to postharvest rots caused by a variety of fungal pathogens, including Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Phytophthora infestans, Helminthosporium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and Colletotrichum coccodes. Rots resulting from infections by these pathogens cause a significant reduction in potato quality and marketable yield. Importantly, some of these decay fungi also produce mycotoxins that represent a potential risk to human health. In the present review, an overview and discussion are provided on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of decay fungi, especially Fusarium spp., that include recent data derived from genomic and phylogenetic analyses. The biosynthesis and functional role of fungitoxic metabolites such as trichothecene mycotoxins and fusaric acid, produced in rotted potatoes are also reviewed. Advances in pre- and postharvest measures for rot management, especially eco-friendly methods including physical control, biological control, the use of natural compounds, and other agricultural management practices are also reviewed. Lastly, novel approaches to control potato dry rot such as the use of mycoviruses and CRISPR technology are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Yantai Lvyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuping Zou
- Yantai Lvyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Yantai Lvyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Fangyun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoya Huang
- Yantai Lvyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chenglin Lin
- Yantai Lvyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qingnian Cai
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xuehong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Loriato VAP, Martins LGC, Euclydes NC, Reis PAB, Duarte CEM, Fontes EPB. Engineering resistance against geminiviruses: A review of suppressed natural defenses and the use of RNAi and the CRISPR/Cas system. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110410. [PMID: 32005374 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Geminiviridae family is one of the most successful and largest families of plant viruses that infect a large variety of important dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous crops and cause significant yield losses worldwide. This broad spectrum of host range is only possible because geminiviruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to overcome the arsenal of antiviral defenses in such diverse plant species. In addition, geminiviruses evolve rapidly through recombination and pseudo-recombination to naturally create a great diversity of virus species with divergent genome sequences giving the virus an advantage over the host recognition system. Therefore, it is not surprising that efficient molecular strategies to combat geminivirus infection under open field conditions have not been fully addressed. In this review, we present the anti-geminiviral arsenal of plant defenses, the evolved virulence strategies of geminiviruses to overcome these plant defenses and the most recent strategies that have been engineered for transgenic resistance. Although, the in vitro reactivation of suppressed natural defenses as well as the use of RNAi and CRISPR/Cas systems hold the potential for achieving broad-range resistance and/or immunity, potential drawbacks have been associated with each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgílio A P Loriato
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Laura G C Martins
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Nívea C Euclydes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro A B Reis
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Christiane E M Duarte
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P B Fontes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
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