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Barela Hudgell MA, Smith LC. Lipofection mediated transfection fails for sea urchin coelomocytes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267911. [PMID: 35522665 PMCID: PMC9075664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular cloning, gene manipulation, gene expression, protein function, and gene regulation all depend on the introduction of nucleic acids into target cells. Multiple methods have been developed to facilitate such delivery including instrument based microinjection and electroporation, biological methods such as transduction, and chemical methods such as calcium phosphate precipitation, cationic polymers, and lipid based transfection, also known as lipofection. Here we report attempts to lipofect sea urchin coelomocytes using DOTAP lipofection reagent packaged with a range of molecules including fluorochromes, in addition to expression constructs, amplicons, and RNA encoding GFP. DOTAP has low cytotoxicity for coelomocytes, however, lipofection of a variety of molecules fails to produce any signature of success based on results from fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. While these results are negative, it is important to report failed attempts so that others conducting similar research do not repeat these approaches. Failure may be the outcome of elevated ionic strength of the coelomocyte culture medium, uptake and degradation of lipoplexes in the endosomal-lysosomal system, failure of the nucleic acids to escape the endosomal vesicles and enter the cytoplasm, and difficulties in lipofecting primary cultures of phagocytic cells. We encourage others to build on this report by using our information to optimize lipofection with a range of other approaches to work towards establishing a successful method of transfecting adult cells from marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Barela Hudgell
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - L. Courtney Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yuan M, Ning M, Wei P, Hao W, Jing Y, Gu W, Wang W, Meng Q. The function of serpin-2 from Eriocheir sinensis in Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 76:21-26. [PMID: 29475048 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Serpin families classified serine protease inhibitors regulate various physiological processes. However, there is not study on the role of serpin in immune responses against Spiroplasma eriocheiris as a novel causative pathogen in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. In our study, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that the mRNA transcripts of Esserpin-2 were ubiquitous in every tissue, relative higher expression in hepatopancreas, gill and hemocytes, while the intestine, muscle, heart and nerve showed relative lower expression. Followed by infection with S. eriocheiris, the transcripts of Esserpin-2 were significantly down-regulated from 1 d to 7 d. After double-stranded RNA injection, the transcripts of Esserpin-2 dramatically declined from 48 h to 96 h. The transcripts of proPO were found to be obviously increased after Esserpin-2 silenced, meanwhile, LGBP with no significant difference. The copy number of S. eriocheiris and subsequently the mortality of crabs in a silencing Esserpin-2 group were significantly less than control groups during infection. The subcellular localization experiment suggested that recombinant Esserpin-2 was mainly located in the cytoplasm. Finally, over-expression assay in Drosophila S2 cells indicated that Esserpin-2 could increase copies of S. eriocheiris and result in cell death. These findings demonstrated that Esserpin-2 involved in the innate immune mechanism of E. sinensis in response to S. eriocheiris infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mingxiao Ning
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Panpan Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenjing Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunting Jing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China.
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Casey AK, Moehlman AT, Zhang J, Servage KA, Krämer H, Orth K. Fic-mediated deAMPylation is not dependent on homodimerization and rescues toxic AMPylation in flies. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21193-21204. [PMID: 29089387 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.799296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein chaperones play a critical role in proteostasis. The activity of the major endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP (GRP78) is regulated by Fic-mediated AMPylation during resting states. By contrast, during times of stress, BiP is deAMPylated. Here, we show that excessive AMPylation by a constitutively active FicE247G mutant is lethal in Drosophila This lethality is cell-autonomous, as directed expression of the mutant FicE247G to the fly eye does not kill the fly but rather results in a rough and reduced eye. Lethality and eye phenotypes are rescued by the deAMPylation activity of wild-type Fic. Consistent with Fic acting as a deAMPylation enzyme, its activity was both time- and concentration-dependent. Furthermore, Fic deAMPylation activity was sufficient to suppress the AMPylation activity mediated by the constitutively active FicE247G mutant in Drosophila S2 lysates. Further, we show that the dual enzymatic activity of Fic is, in part, regulated by Fic dimerization, as loss of this dimerization increases AMPylation and reduces deAMPylation of BiP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Junmei Zhang
- From the Department of Molecular Biology.,the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
| | - Kelly A Servage
- From the Department of Molecular Biology.,the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
| | | | - Kim Orth
- From the Department of Molecular Biology, .,the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and.,the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148
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Rinaldi G, Yan H, Nacif-Pimenta R, Matchimakul P, Bridger J, Mann VH, Smout MJ, Brindley PJ, Knight M. Cytometric analysis, genetic manipulation and antibiotic selection of the snail embryonic cell line Bge from Biomphalaria glabrata, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:527-35. [PMID: 25907768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The invertebrate cell line, Bge, from embryos of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, remains to date the only established cell line from any species of the Phylum Mollusca. Since its establishment in 1976 by Eder Hansen, few studies have focused on profiling its cytometrics, growth characteristics or sensitivity to xenobiotics. Bge cells are reputed to be challenging to propagate and maintain. Therefore, even though this cell line is a noteworthy resource, it has not been studied widely. With growing interest in functional genomics, including genetic transformation, to elucidate molecular aspects of the snail intermediate hosts responsible for transmission of schistosomiasis, and aiming to enhance the convenience of maintenance of this molluscan cell line, we deployed the xCELLigene real time approach to study Bge cells. Doubling times for three isolates of Bge, termed CB, SL and UK, were longer than for mammalian cell lines - longer than 40 h in complete Bge medium supplemented with 7% fetal bovine serum at 25°C, ranging from ∼42 h to ∼157 h when 40,000 cells were seeded. To assess the potential of the cells for genetic transformation, antibiotic selection was explored. Bge cells were sensitive to the aminonucleoside antibiotic puromycin (from Streptomyces alboniger) from 5 μg/ml to 200 ng/ml, displaying a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ∼1.91 μg/ml. Sensitivity to puromycin, and a relatively quick kill time (<48 h in 5 μg/ml) facilitated use of this antibiotic, together with the cognate resistance gene (puromycin N-acetyl-transferase) for selection of Bge cells transformed with the PAC gene (puroR). Bge cells transfected with a plasmid encoding puroR were partially rescued when cultured in the presence of 5 μg/ml of puromycin. These findings pave the way for the development of functional genomic tools applied to the host-parasite interaction during schistosomiasis and neglected tropical trematodiases at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, Research Center for the Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Hongbin Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, Research Center for the Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Rafael Nacif-Pimenta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, Research Center for the Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Laboratorio de Laboratório de Esquistossomose, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pitchaya Matchimakul
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, Research Center for the Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Victoria H Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, Research Center for the Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Michael J Smout
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, Research Center for the Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Matty Knight
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, Research Center for the Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Ham H, Woolery AR, Tracy C, Stenesen D, Krämer H, Orth K. Unfolded protein response-regulated Drosophila Fic (dFic) protein reversibly AMPylates BiP chaperone during endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:36059-69. [PMID: 25395623 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Fic (dFic) mediates AMPylation, a covalent attachment of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from ATP to hydroxyl side chains of protein substrates. Here, we identified the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone BiP as a substrate for dFic and mapped the modification site to Thr-366 within the ATPase domain. The level of AMPylated BiP in Drosophila S2 cells is high during homeostasis, whereas the level of AMPylated BiP decreases upon the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER. Both dFic and BiP are transcriptionally activated upon ER stress, supporting the role of dFic in the unfolded protein response pathway. The inactive conformation of BiP is the preferred substrate for dFic, thus endorsing a model whereby AMPylation regulates the function of BiP as a chaperone, allowing acute activation of BiP by deAMPylation during an ER stress response. These findings not only present the first substrate of eukaryotic AMPylator but also provide a target for regulating the unfolded protein response, an emerging avenue for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeilin Ham
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology and
| | | | - Charles Tracy
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Drew Stenesen
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Kim Orth
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology and
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