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Iliev D, Strandskog G, Nepal A, Aspar A, Olsen R, Jørgensen J, Wolfson D, Ahluwalia BS, Handzhiyski J, Mironova R. Stimulation of exosome release by extracellular DNA is conserved across multiple cell types. FEBS J 2018; 285:3114-3133. [PMID: 29953723 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are distinguished from other types of extracellular vesicles by their small and relatively uniform size (30-100 nm) and their composition which reflects their endo-lysosomal origin. Involvement of these extracellular organelles in intercellular communication and their implication in pathological conditions has fuelled intensive research on mammalian exosomes; however, currently, very little is known about exosomes in lower vertebrates. Here we show that, in primary cultures of head kidney leukocytes from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), phosphorothioate CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induce secretion of vesicles with characteristics very similar to these of mammalian exosomes. Further experiments revealed that the oligonucleotide-induced exosome secretion did not depend on the CpG motifs but it relied on the phosphorothioate modification of the internucleotide linkage. Exosome secretion was also induced by genomic bacterial and eukaryotic DNA in toll-like receptor 9-negative piscine and human cell lines demonstrating that this is a phylogenetically conserved phenomenon which does not depend on activation of immune signaling pathways. In addition to exosomes, stimulation with phosphorothioate oligonucleotides and genomic DNA induced secretion of LC3B-II, an autophagosome marker, which was associated with vesicles of diverse size and morphology, possibly derived from autophagosome-related intracellular compartments. Overall, this work reveals a previously unrecognized biological activity of phosphorothioate ODNs and genomic DNA - their capacity to induce secretion of exosomes and other types of extracellular vesicles. This finding might help shed light on the side effects of therapeutic phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides and the biological activity of extracellular genomic DNA which is often upregulated in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Iliev
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Guro Strandskog
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Arpita Nepal
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Augusta Aspar
- Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Randi Olsen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn Jørgensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Deanna Wolfson
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Jordan Handzhiyski
- Department of Gene Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology 'Roumen Tsanev', Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Roumyana Mironova
- Department of Gene Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology 'Roumen Tsanev', Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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3
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Fulsundar S, Harms K, Flaten GE, Johnsen PJ, Chopade BA, Nielsen KM. Gene transfer potential of outer membrane vesicles of Acinetobacter baylyi and effects of stress on vesiculation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:3469-83. [PMID: 24657872 PMCID: PMC4018862 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04248-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are continually released from a range of bacterial species. Numerous functions of OMVs, including the facilitation of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) processes, have been proposed. In this study, we investigated whether OMVs contribute to the transfer of plasmids between bacterial cells and species using Gram-negative Acinetobacter baylyi as a model system. OMVs were extracted from bacterial cultures and tested for the ability to vector gene transfer into populations of Escherichia coli and A. baylyi, including naturally transformation-deficient mutants of A. baylyi. Anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies were used to determine the movement of DNA into OMVs. We also determined how stress affected the level of vesiculation and the amount of DNA in vesicles. OMVs were further characterized by measuring particle size distribution (PSD) and zeta potential. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunogold labeling were performed using anti-fluorescein isothiocyanate (anti-FITC)-conjugated antibodies and anti-dsDNA antibodies to track the movement of FITC-labeled and DNA-containing OMVs. Exposure to OMVs isolated from plasmid-containing donor cells resulted in HGT to A. baylyi and E. coli at transfer frequencies ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-8), with transfer efficiencies of approximately 10(3) and 10(2) per μg of vesicular DNA, respectively. Antibiotic stress was shown to affect the DNA content of OMVs as well as their hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential. Morphological observations suggest that OMVs from A. baylyi interact with recipient cells in different ways, depending on the recipient species. Interestingly, the PSD measurements suggest that distinct size ranges of OMVs are released from A. baylyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Fulsundar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune, India
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Klaus Harms
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gøril E. Flaten
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pål J. Johnsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Kaare M. Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Genøk-Center for Biosafety, Research Park, Tromsø, Norway
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4
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Iliev DB, Thim H, Lagos L, Olsen R, Jørgensen JB. Homing of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Head Kidney and Spleen - Salmon Head Kidney Hosts Diverse APC Types. Front Immunol 2013; 4:137. [PMID: 23761795 PMCID: PMC3674399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes and spleen are major organs where mammalian antigen-presenting cells (APCs) initiate and orchestrate Ag-specific immune responses. Unlike mammals, teleosts lack lymph nodes and an interesting question is whether alternative organs may serve as sites for antigen presentation in teleosts. In the current study, fluorescent ovalbumin (Ova) and CpG oligonucleotides (ODNs) injected intra-abdominally were detected in significant numbers of salmon head kidney (HK) MHCII+ cells over a period of 2 weeks while in spleen the percentage of these was transient and declined from day 1 post injection. In vitro studies further shed light on the properties of the diverse MHCII+ cell types found in HK. The ultrastructure of a subpopulation of MHCII+ cells with a high capacity to endocytose and process Ova indicated that these were able to perform constitutive macropinocytosis. Upon stimulation with CpG ODNs these cells upregulated CD86 and gave very high levels of TNF mRNA indicating that these are professional APCs, related to macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). A subpopulation of HK granulocytes expressed high levels of surface MHCII and upon CpG stimulation upregulated most of the tested APC marker genes. Although these granulocytes expressed TNF weakly, they had relatively high basal levels of IL-1β mRNA and the CpG stimulation upregulated IL-1β, along with its signaling and decoy receptors, to the highest levels as compared to other HK cell types. Interestingly, the high expression of IL-1β mRNA in the granulocytes correlated with a high autophagy flux as demonstrated by LC3-II conversion. Autophagy has recently been found to be implicated in IL-1β processing and secretion and the presented data suggests that granulocytes of salmon, and perhaps other teleost species, may serve as a valuable model to study the involvement of autophagy in regulation of the vertebrate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar B Iliev
- Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, University of Tromsø , Tromsø , Norway
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Patel R, Janoudi A, Vedre A, Aziz K, Tamhane U, Rubinstein J, Abela OG, Berger K, Abela GS. Plaque Rupture and Thrombosis Are Reduced by Lowering Cholesterol Levels and Crystallization With Ezetimibe and Are Correlated With Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2007-14. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.226167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
This study evaluated effects of lipid lowering with ezetimibe on plaque burden and associated cholesterol crystallization and inflammation in a rabbit model of plaque disruption and thrombosis.
Methods and Results—
Atherosclerotic rabbits (Group I, n=10 without; Group II, n=12 with ezetimibe, 1 mg/kg per day) were pharmacologically triggered for plaque disruption. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, RAM 11 macrophage staining, and serum inflammatory markers detected arterial inflammation. Serum and aortic wall cholesterol levels were measured, and thrombus area was planimetered. Cholesterol crystal density on aortic surface was scored (0 to +3) by scanning electron microscopy. Serum and aortic wall cholesterol, plaque area, and thrombosis area were significantly lower in Group II versus Group I (83.4±106.4 versus 608±386 mg/dL,
P
=0.002; 3.12±1.40 versus 9.39±5.60 mg/g,
P
=0.003; 10.84±1.6 versus 17.48±1.8 mm
2
,
P
<0.001; and 0.05±0.15 versus 0.72±0.58 mm
2
,
P
=0.01, respectively). There were significant correlations between crystal density and plaque area (
r
=0.75,
P
<0.003) and between crystal density and RAM 11 (
r
=0.82,
P
<0.001). Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that there were fewer crystals in Group II versus Group I (+1.2±0.61 versus +2.4±0.63,
P
<0.001) and less inflammation detected by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and RAM 11 (
P
<0.004 and
P
<0.04, respectively).
Conclusion—
Lowering cholesterol levels with ezetimibe reduced plaque burden, crystallization, and inflammation, preventing plaque disruption and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Patel
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (R.P., A.J., A.V., K.A., U.T., O.G.A., G.S.A.), Department of Radiology (K.B.), and Division of Pathology, Department of Physiology (G.S.A.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (J.R.)
| | - Abed Janoudi
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (R.P., A.J., A.V., K.A., U.T., O.G.A., G.S.A.), Department of Radiology (K.B.), and Division of Pathology, Department of Physiology (G.S.A.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (J.R.)
| | - Ameeth Vedre
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (R.P., A.J., A.V., K.A., U.T., O.G.A., G.S.A.), Department of Radiology (K.B.), and Division of Pathology, Department of Physiology (G.S.A.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (J.R.)
| | - Kusai Aziz
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (R.P., A.J., A.V., K.A., U.T., O.G.A., G.S.A.), Department of Radiology (K.B.), and Division of Pathology, Department of Physiology (G.S.A.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (J.R.)
| | - Umesh Tamhane
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (R.P., A.J., A.V., K.A., U.T., O.G.A., G.S.A.), Department of Radiology (K.B.), and Division of Pathology, Department of Physiology (G.S.A.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (J.R.)
| | - Jack Rubinstein
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (R.P., A.J., A.V., K.A., U.T., O.G.A., G.S.A.), Department of Radiology (K.B.), and Division of Pathology, Department of Physiology (G.S.A.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (J.R.)
| | - Oliver G. Abela
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (R.P., A.J., A.V., K.A., U.T., O.G.A., G.S.A.), Department of Radiology (K.B.), and Division of Pathology, Department of Physiology (G.S.A.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (J.R.)
| | - Kevin Berger
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (R.P., A.J., A.V., K.A., U.T., O.G.A., G.S.A.), Department of Radiology (K.B.), and Division of Pathology, Department of Physiology (G.S.A.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (J.R.)
| | - George S. Abela
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (R.P., A.J., A.V., K.A., U.T., O.G.A., G.S.A.), Department of Radiology (K.B.), and Division of Pathology, Department of Physiology (G.S.A.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (J.R.)
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Kalinec F, Webster P, Maricle A, Guerrero D, Chakravarti DN, Chakravarti B, Gellibolian R, Kalinec G. Glucocorticoid-stimulated, transcription-independent release of annexin A1 by cochlear Hensen cells. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:1820-34. [PMID: 19912231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The current clinical strategy to protect the auditory organ against inflammatory damage by migrating leukocytes is the local delivery of glucocorticoids. However, the mechanism by which glucocorticoids confer this protection remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the cellular and molecular targets of glucocorticoids in the cochlea that could be involved in preventing leukocyte migration. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used microscopy as well as immunocytochemical and microfluidic techniques to elucidate the effect of dexamethasone, hydrocortisone and prednisolone on the cellular and intracellular distribution of annexin A1 (ANXA1) - a glucocorticoid target known to inhibit leukocyte migration by receptor-mediated signalling - in the cochlea and isolated cochlear cells of guinea pigs. KEY RESULTS All the cells lining the scala media - the cochlear compartment containing the auditory organ - express ANXA1 and the ANXA1 receptor FPR2/ALX is present in the scala media, as well as in other cochlear ducts. The majority of ANXA1 in the scala media is stored inside lipid droplets within cochlear Hensen cells. Glucocorticoids activate a myosin IIC-mediated mechanism that drives ANXA1 from the lipid droplets to the apical region of the Hensen cells, where ANXA1 is released to the external milieu by a process involving ABC transporters. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that ANXA1 could be a major mediator of the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in the cochlea and identify new molecular targets for prevention of sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kalinec
- Division of Cell Biology and Genetics, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA.
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