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Holota R, Dečmanová V, Alexovič Matiašová A, Košuth J, Slovinská L, Pačut L, Tomori Z, Daxnerová Z, Ševc J. Cleaved caspase-3 is present in the majority of glial cells in the intact rat spinal cord during postnatal life. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 161:269-286. [PMID: 37938347 PMCID: PMC10912154 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is an essential process that occurs during the development of the central nervous system. Despite the availability of a wide range of commercially produced antibodies against various apoptotic markers, data regarding apoptosis in intact spinal cord during postnatal development and adulthood are mostly missing. We investigated apoptosis in rat spinal cord at different stages of ontogenesis (postnatal days 8, 29, and 90). For this purpose, we applied immunofluorescent detection of two widely used apoptotic markers, cleaved caspase-3 (cC3) and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (cPARP). Surprisingly, we found significant discrepancy between the number of cC3+ cells and PARP+ cells, with a ratio between 500:1 and 5000:1 in rat spinal cord at all postnatal time points. The majority of cC3+ cells were glial cells and did not exhibit an apoptotic phenotype. In contrast with in vivo results, in vitro analysis of primary cell cultures derived from neonatal rat spinal cord and treated with the apoptotic inductor staurosporine revealed a similar onset of occurrence of both cC3 and cPARP in cells subjected to apoptosis. Gene expression analysis of spinal cord revealed elevated expression of the Birc4 (XIAP), Birc2, and Birc5 (Survivin) genes, which are known potent inhibitors of apoptosis. Our data indicate that cC3 is not an exclusive marker of apoptosis, especially in glial cells, owing its possible presence in inhibited forms and/or its participation in other non-apoptotic roles. Therefore, cPARP appears to be a more appropriate marker to detect apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Holota
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - V Dečmanová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - A Alexovič Matiašová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - J Košuth
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - L Slovinská
- Associated Tissue Bank, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Tr. SNP 1, 04011, Košice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy, Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4, 04001, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - L Pačut
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Z Tomori
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Z Daxnerová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - J Ševc
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154, Košice, Slovak Republic
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MicroRNA-21 abrogates palmitate-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis through caspase-3/NF-κB signal pathways. Anatol J Cardiol 2019; 20:336-346. [PMID: 30504734 PMCID: PMC6287441 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2018.03604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the role of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and to determine a possible mechanism. Methods: H9c2 embryonic rat heart-derived cells were used in the study. Cell viability was determined using the 3-(4.5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and flow cytometry was used to evaluate cell apoptosis. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays were used to detect mRNA and protein expression of the apoptosis-related proteins and miR-21. ELISA was used to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results: Palmitate exposure greatly reduced miR-21 expression in cardiomyocytes. Apoptosis increased when miR-21 was inhibited with or without palmitate exposure. Consistently, reduced apoptosis was observed when miR-21 was overexpressed in cardiomyocytes. Caspase-3 activity was reduced after palmitate exposure. Bcl-2 protein expression was increased in H9c2 cells when transfected with the miR-21 mimic. MiR-21 overexpression alone did not induce ROS or DNA fragmentation; however, in conjunction with palmitate exposure, miR-21 mimic reduced ROS and DNA fragmentation. Moreover, palmitate administration overcame the antioxidant effect of 3 mM N-acetylcysteine to significantly inhibit apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, and caspase-3 activity. The exposure to palmitate greatly reduced p65 and p-p38 expression in the nucleus. A p38 inhibitor had no effect on the expression of Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3 in H9c2 cells alone; however, when combined with exposure to palmitate the p38 inhibitor induced Bcl-2 expression and inhibited caspase-3 activity. The p38 inhibitor by itself did not induce apoptosis, ROS production, or DNA fragmentation in H9c2 cells, but when palmitate was included with the p38 inhibitor, apoptosis, ROS production, and DNA fragmentation were reduced. Conclusion: miR-21 protects cardiomyocytes from apoptosis that is induced by palmitate through the caspase-3/NF-κB signal pathways.
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Henssen AG, Reed C, Jiang E, Garcia HD, von Stebut J, MacArthur IC, Hundsdoerfer P, Kim JH, de Stanchina E, Kuwahara Y, Hosoi H, Ganem NJ, Dela Cruz F, Kung AL, Schulte JH, Petrini JH, Kentsis A. Therapeutic targeting of PGBD5-induced DNA repair dependency in pediatric solid tumors. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/414/eaam9078. [PMID: 29093183 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam9078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite intense efforts, the cure rates of childhood and adult solid tumors are not satisfactory. Resistance to intensive chemotherapy is common, and targets for molecular therapies are largely undefined. We have found that the majority of childhood solid tumors, including rhabdoid tumors, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, and Ewing sarcoma, express an active DNA transposase, PGBD5, that can promote site-specific genomic rearrangements in human cells. Using functional genetic approaches, we discovered that mouse and human cells deficient in nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair cannot tolerate the expression of PGBD5. In a chemical screen of DNA damage signaling inhibitors, we identified AZD6738 as a specific sensitizer of PGBD5-dependent DNA damage and apoptosis. We found that expression of PGBD5, but not its nuclease activity-deficient mutant, was sufficient to induce sensitivity to AZD6738. Depletion of endogenous PGBD5 conferred resistance to AZD6738 in human tumor cells. PGBD5-expressing tumor cells accumulated unrepaired DNA damage in response to AZD6738 treatment and underwent apoptosis in both dividing and G1-phase cells in the absence of immediate DNA replication stress. Accordingly, AZD6738 exhibited nanomolar potency against most neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, and rhabdoid tumor cells tested while sparing nontransformed human and mouse embryonic fibroblasts in vitro. Finally, treatment with AZD6738 induced apoptosis and regression of human neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma tumors engrafted in immunodeficient mice in vivo. This effect was potentiated by combined treatment with cisplatin, including substantial antitumor activity against patient-derived primary neuroblastoma xenografts. These findings delineate a therapeutically actionable synthetic dependency induced in PGBD5-expressing solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G Henssen
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Casie Reed
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eileen Jiang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Heathcliff Dorado Garcia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer von Stebut
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ian C MacArthur
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Patrick Hundsdoerfer
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jun Hyun Kim
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yasumichi Kuwahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Hosoi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Neil J Ganem
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Filemon Dela Cruz
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew L Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Johannes H Schulte
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John H Petrini
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Henssen AG, Koche R, Zhuang J, Jiang E, Reed C, Eisenberg A, Still E, MacArthur IC, Rodríguez-Fos E, Gonzalez S, Puiggròs M, Blackford AN, Mason CE, de Stanchina E, Gönen M, Emde AK, Shah M, Arora K, Reeves C, Socci ND, Perlman E, Antonescu CR, Roberts CWM, Steen H, Mullen E, Jackson SP, Torrents D, Weng Z, Armstrong SA, Kentsis A. PGBD5 promotes site-specific oncogenic mutations in human tumors. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1005-1014. [PMID: 28504702 PMCID: PMC5489359 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genomic rearrangements are a hallmark of human cancers. Here, we identify the piggyBac transposable element derived 5 (PGBD5) gene as encoding an active DNA transposase expressed in the majority of childhood solid tumors, including lethal rhabdoid tumors. Using assembly-based whole-genome DNA sequencing, we found previously undefined genomic rearrangements in human rhabdoid tumors. These rearrangements involved PGBD5-specific signal (PSS) sequences at their breakpoints and recurrently inactivated tumor-suppressor genes. PGBD5 was physically associated with genomic PSS sequences that were also sufficient to mediate PGBD5-induced DNA rearrangements in rhabdoid tumor cells. Ectopic expression of PGBD5 in primary immortalized human cells was sufficient to promote cell transformation in vivo. This activity required specific catalytic residues in the PGBD5 transposase domain as well as end-joining DNA repair and induced structural rearrangements with PSS breakpoints. These results define PGBD5 as an oncogenic mutator and provide a plausible mechanism for site-specific DNA rearrangements in childhood and adult solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G. Henssen
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Koche
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiali Zhuang
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Eileen Jiang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Casie Reed
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy Eisenberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric Still
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ian C. MacArthur
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elias Rodríguez-Fos
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Gonzalez
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Puiggròs
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew N. Blackford
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher E. Mason
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mithat Gönen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas D. Socci
- Bioinformatics Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth Perlman
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Hanno Steen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mullen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen P. Jackson
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Torrents
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Scott A. Armstrong
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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5
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PGBD5 promotes site-specific oncogenic mutations in human tumors. Nat Genet 2017. [PMID: 28504702 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3866+[doi]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genomic rearrangements are a hallmark of human cancers. Here, we identify the piggyBac transposable element derived 5 (PGBD5) gene as encoding an active DNA transposase expressed in the majority of childhood solid tumors, including lethal rhabdoid tumors. Using assembly-based whole-genome DNA sequencing, we found previously undefined genomic rearrangements in human rhabdoid tumors. These rearrangements involved PGBD5-specific signal (PSS) sequences at their breakpoints and recurrently inactivated tumor-suppressor genes. PGBD5 was physically associated with genomic PSS sequences that were also sufficient to mediate PGBD5-induced DNA rearrangements in rhabdoid tumor cells. Ectopic expression of PGBD5 in primary immortalized human cells was sufficient to promote cell transformation in vivo. This activity required specific catalytic residues in the PGBD5 transposase domain as well as end-joining DNA repair and induced structural rearrangements with PSS breakpoints. These results define PGBD5 as an oncogenic mutator and provide a plausible mechanism for site-specific DNA rearrangements in childhood and adult solid tumors.
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Khalilzadeh B, Shadjou N, Afsharan H, Eskandani M, Nozad Charoudeh H, Rashidi MR. Reduced graphene oxide decorated with gold nanoparticle as signal amplification element on ultra-sensitive electrochemiluminescence determination of caspase-3 activity and apoptosis using peptide based biosensor. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2016; 6:135-147. [PMID: 27853677 PMCID: PMC5108986 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2016.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Growing demands for ultrasensitive biosensing have led to the development of numerous signal amplification strategies. In this report, a novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) method was developed for the detection and determination of caspase-3 activity based on reduced graphene oxide sheets decorated by gold nanoparticles as signal amplification element and horseradish peroxidase enzyme (HRP) as ECL intensity enhancing agent. Methods: The ECL intensity of the luminol was improved by using the streptavidin coated magnetic beads and HRP in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The cleavage behavior of caspase-3 was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques using biotinylated peptide (DEVD containing peptide) which was coated on reduced graphene oxide decorated with gold nanoparticle. The surface modification of graphene oxide was successfully confirmed by FTIR, UV-vis and x-ray spectroscopy. Results: ECL based biosensor showed that the linear dynamic range (LDR) and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were 0.5-100 and 0.5 femtomolar (fM), respectively. Finally, the performance of the engineered peptide based biosensor was validated in the A549 cell line as real samples. Conclusion: The prepared peptide based biosensor could be considered as an excellent candidate for early detection of apoptosis, cell turnover, and cancer related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balal Khalilzadeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Shadjou
- Department of Nanochemistry and Nanotechnology Center, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hadi Afsharan
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Eskandani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Nozad Charoudeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Rashidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Chang P, Dong W, Zhang M, Wang Z, Wang Y, Wang T, Gao Y, Meng H, Luo B, Luo C, Chen X, Tao L. Anti-necroptosis chemical necrostatin-1 can also suppress apoptotic and autophagic pathway to exert neuroprotective effect in mice intracerebral hemorrhage model. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 52:242-9. [PMID: 24122153 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis was recently discovered as one form of programmed cell death (PCD) and could be specifically inhibited by necrostatin-1. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of necrostatin-1 on brain injury and investigate the role of necrostatin-1 on the other two types PCD (apoptosis and autophagic cell death) in a mouse intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) model. Male ICR mice received an infusion of type IV collagenase to induce ICH or saline as control into the left striatum. In the presence of vehicle, 3-MA, zVAD, and necrostatin-1 were pretreated with a single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection in the ipsilateral ventricle 15 min before ICH, respectively. Compared with vehicle groups, necrostatin-1 treatment significantly reduced injury volume and propidium iodide-positive cells at 24 and 72 h after ICH. Immunoblotting analysis showed that necrostatin-1 treatment suppressed autophagic-associated proteins (LC3-II, Beclin-1) and maintained p62 at normal level at 24 and 72 h after ICH. In addition, necrostatin-1 treatment enhanced the protein level of Bcl-2 and decreased the protein level of cleaved caspase-3 and the Beclin-1/Bcl-2 ratio at 24 and 72 h after ICH. Moreover, both 3-MA and necrostatin-1 treatment could suppress cleaved caspase-3 and LC3-II production, whereas zVAD treatment could inhibit caspase-3 cleavage but increased LC3-II protein levels at 72 h after ICH. Taken together, the data demonstrated for the first time that the specific inhibitor necrostatin-1 suppressed apoptosis and autophagy to exert these neuroprotective effects after ICH and that there existed a cross-talk among necroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy after ICH.
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In vitro Inactivation of Latent HSV by Targeted Mutagenesis Using an HSV-specific Homing Endonuclease. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e146. [PMID: 24496438 PMCID: PMC3951911 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2013.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Following acute infection, herpes simplex virus (HSV) establishes latency in sensory neurons, from which it can reactivate and cause recurrent disease. Available antiviral therapies do not affect latent viral genomes; therefore, they do not prevent reactivation following therapy cessation. One possible curative approach involves the introduction of DNA double strand breaks in latent HSV genomes by rare-cutting endonucleases, leading to mutagenesis of essential viral genes. We tested this approach in an in vitro HSV latency model using the engineered homing endonuclease (HE) HSV1m5, which recognizes a sequence in the HSV-1 gene UL19, encoding the virion protein VP5. Coexpression of the 3'-exonuclease Trex2 with HEs increased HE-mediated mutagenesis frequencies up to sixfold. Following HSV1m5/Trex2 delivery with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, the target site was mutated in latent HSV genomes with no detectable cell toxicity. Importantly, HSV production by latently infected cells after reactivation was decreased after HSV1m5/Trex2 exposure. Exposure to histone deacetylase inhibitors prior to HSV1m5/Trex2 treatment increased mutagenesis frequencies of latent HSV genomes another two- to fivefold, suggesting that chromatin modification may be a useful adjunct to gene-targeting approaches. These results support the continuing development of HEs and other nucleases (ZFNs, TALENs, CRISPRs) for cure of chronic viral infections.Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2014) 3, e1; doi:10.1038/mtna.2013.75; published online 4 February 2014.
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Suzuki Y, Hasegawa H, Tsuji T, Tsuruda K, Sasaki D, Ishihara K, Nagai K, Yanagihara K, Yamada Y, Kamihira S. Relationships of diverse apoptotic death process patterns to mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ(m)) evaluated by three-parameter flow cytometric analysis. Cytotechnology 2012; 65:59-70. [PMID: 22669602 PMCID: PMC3536873 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been proposed that novel methodologies are needed to re-evaluate apoptotic cell death, as studies of apoptosis have shown it to be a complex process. Since mitochondria are key regulators in cell death pathways, we developed a simultaneous 3-parameter flow cytometric analysis that incorporates the change in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in an Annexin-V [for phosphatidyl-serine (PS)] and propidium iodide (PI) assay system (3 parameters with 4 colours), and evaluated the apoptotic process using various haematological malignant cell lines and death triggers. The present method enabled visualization of cell composition during apoptosis and captured complicated molecular events. For example, apoptotic cells that lost Δψm did not always externalize PS, while some late apoptotic cells had polarized Δψm. The findings of unchanged PS-externalization and aberrant cell death suggest that there is no relationship of PS externalization and apoptosis with an unknown apoptotic mechanism. Based on PS-externalization, sensitivity to staurosporine, and the combination of cell lines and triggers, the apoptotic process was classified into 2 types. Importantly, most of our findings could not be observed by PS–PI and Δψm assays when independently performed. Our method may be useful for examining mitochondrial-related apoptosis and death signalling pathways, as well as screening novel apoptosis-inducing cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhgi Suzuki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8501 Japan
- Technology and Product Development, Division of Diagnostic Reagent Development, Sysmex Co., 4-4-4 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe City, 651-2271 Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tsuji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8501 Japan
- Technology and Product Development, Division of Diagnostic Reagent Development, Sysmex Co., 4-4-4 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe City, 651-2271 Japan
| | - Kazuto Tsuruda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Kaori Ishihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nagai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Yasuaki Yamada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8501 Japan
| | - Shimeru Kamihira
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, 852-8501 Japan
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Wu H, Gao M, Ha T, Kelley J, Young A, Breuel K. Prunella vulgaris aqueous extract attenuates IL-1β-induced apoptosis and NF-κB activation in INS-1 cells. Exp Ther Med 2012; 3:919-924. [PMID: 22969993 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that Prunella vulgaris aqueous extract (PVAE) promotes hepatic glycogen synthesis and decreases postprandial hyperglycemia in ICR mice. Inflammatory cytokines play a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. This study was designed to examine whether PVAE has a protective effect on IL-1β-induced apoptosis in INS-1 cells. INS-1 pancreatic β cells were plated at 2×10(6)/ml and treated with PVAE (100 µg/ml) 30 min before the cells were challenged with IL-1β (10 ng/ml). Untreated INS-1 cells served as control. INS-1 cell cytotoxicity was examined by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assays. Caspase-3 activity and activation of the apoptotic signaling pathway were analyzed by western blotting. NF-κB binding activity was examined by EMSA. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in the supernatant were measured by ELISA. IL-1β treatment significantly induced INS-1 cell death by 49.2%, increased LDH activity by 1.5-fold and caspase-3 activity by 7.6-fold, respectively, compared with control cells. However, PVAE administration significantly prevented IL-1β-increased INS-1 cell death and LDH activity and attenuated IL-1β-increased caspase-3 activity. Western blot data showed that PVAE also significantly attenuated IL-1β-increased Fas, FasL and phospho-JNK levels in the INS-1 cells. In addition, PVAE treatment significantly attenuated IL-1β-increased NF-κB binding activity and prevented IL-1β-increased TNF-α and IL-6 expression in INS-1 cells. Our data suggest that PVAE has a protective effect on IL-1β-induced INS-1 cell apoptosis. PVAE also attenuates IL-1β-increased NF-κB binding activity and inflammatory cytokine expression in INS-1 cells. PVAE may have a benefit for type I diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Pre-Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
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Wang SH, Chen LM, Yang WK, Lee JD. Increased extrinsic apoptotic pathway activity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma following transarterial embolization. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4675-81. [PMID: 22180709 PMCID: PMC3233673 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i42.4675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the apoptosis pathway in residual viable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues following transarterial embolization (TAE).
METHODS: Ten patients with HCC who received surgical resection after TAE were enrolled in the study group, and 24 patients with HCC who received surgical resection only served as the control group. In the study group, we measured the changes in tumor size and α fetoprotein (AFP) levels after TAE. All tissue samples were taken from the residual tumors. The expression of various apoptotic proteins was evaluated via immunoblotting procedures. The results were analyzed using a Student’s t test.
RESULTS: Tumor size and the AFP level decreased by 46.2% and 55.3% after TAE, respectively. There was no significant difference detected for the Bcl-2/Bax ratio or the cleaved caspase-9 expression levels in either group. However, extrinsic apoptopic pathway-related expression of Fas and cleaved caspase-8 expression were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, cleaved caspase-3 expression in the study group was higher (1.62-fold) than in control group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: TAE is an effective palliative therapy that decreases tumor size and AFP levels via an increase in extrinsic apoptosis pathway in patients with unresectable HCC.
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Kim JC, Lee HC, Cho DH, Choi EY, Cho YK, Ha YJ, Choi PW, Roh SA, Kim SY, Kim YS. Genome-wide identification of possible methylation markers chemosensitive to targeted regimens in colorectal cancers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137:1571-80. [PMID: 21850381 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few efficient methylation markers of chemosensitivity have been discovered. The genome-wide analysis of methylation markers is needed to identify chemosensitive candidates to targeted therapy. METHODS This study describes a two-step process to select chemosensitive candidates of methylation genes. A genome-wide screening of methylation genes was performed using a Beadarray and an in vitro chemosensitivity assay of 119 colorectal cancers (CRCs). Ten candidate genes identified during the initial screening were verified by biological utility assessment using cell viability assays of transfected CRC cells. RESULTS Five methylation genes related to sensitivity to bevacizumab regimens (RASSF1, MMP25, KCNQ1, ESR1, and GALR2) or cetuximab regimens (SCL18A2, GPX7, NID2, IGFBP3, and ALX4) were chosen during the first step. A viability assay revealed that GALR2-overexpressing HCT116 cells were significantly more chemosensitive to bevacizumab regimens than control cells (P = 0.022 and 0.019 for bevacizumab with FOLFIRI and FOLFOX, respectively), concurrently verified on a caspase-3 activity assay. GPX7- or ALX4-overexpressed RKO cells were significantly less viable to cetuximab regimens compared to control cells (GPX7: P = 0.027 each for cetuximab with FOLFIRI and FOLFOX; ALX4: P = 0.049 and 0.003 for cetuximab with FOLFIRI and FOLFOX, respectively), but caspase-3 activity was not prominent in GPX7-overexpressed RKO cells. CONCLUSIONS Two novel genes, GALR2 and ALX4, have been identified as chemosensitive methylation candidates to bevacizumab and cetuximab regimens, respectively. As our study did not include a clinical association study, the two candidates should be validated in large clinical cohorts, hopefully predicting responsive patients to targeted regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin C Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Qian Y, Wei C, Eun-Hyung Lee F, Campbell J, Halliley J, Lee JA, Cai J, Kong YM, Sadat E, Thomson E, Dunn P, Seegmiller AC, Karandikar NJ, Tipton CM, Mosmann T, Sanz I, Scheuermann RH. Elucidation of seventeen human peripheral blood B-cell subsets and quantification of the tetanus response using a density-based method for the automated identification of cell populations in multidimensional flow cytometry data. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2010; 78 Suppl 1:S69-82. [PMID: 20839340 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in multiparameter flow cytometry (FCM) now allow for the independent detection of larger numbers of fluorochromes on individual cells, generating data with increasingly higher dimensionality. The increased complexity of these data has made it difficult to identify cell populations from high-dimensional FCM data using traditional manual gating strategies based on single-color or two-color displays. METHODS To address this challenge, we developed a novel program, FLOCK (FLOw Clustering without K), that uses a density-based clustering approach to algorithmically identify biologically relevant cell populations from multiple samples in an unbiased fashion, thereby eliminating operator-dependent variability. RESULTS FLOCK was used to objectively identify seventeen distinct B-cell subsets in a human peripheral blood sample and to identify and quantify novel plasmablast subsets responding transiently to tetanus and other vaccinations in peripheral blood. FLOCK has been implemented in the publically available Immunology Database and Analysis Portal-ImmPort (http://www.immport.org)-for open use by the immunology research community. CONCLUSIONS FLOCK is able to identify cell subsets in experiments that use multiparameter FCM through an objective, automated computational approach. The use of algorithms like FLOCK for FCM data analysis obviates the need for subjective and labor-intensive manual gating to identify and quantify cell subsets. Novel populations identified by these computational approaches can serve as hypotheses for further experimental study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qian
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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Beider K, Begin M, Abraham M, Wald H, Weiss ID, Wald O, Pikarsky E, Zeira E, Eizenberg O, Galun E, Hardan I, Engelhard D, Nagler A, Peled A. CXCR4 antagonist 4F-benzoyl-TN14003 inhibits leukemia and multiple myeloma tumor growth. Exp Hematol 2010; 39:282-92. [PMID: 21138752 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 are involved in the progression and dissemination of a diverse number of solid and hematological malignancies. Binding CXCL12 to CXCR4 activates a variety of intracellular signal transduction pathways that regulate cell chemotaxis, adhesion, survival, proliferation, and apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we demonstrate that the CXCR4 antagonist, 4F-benzoyl-TN14003 (BKT140), but not AMD3100, exhibits a CXCR4-dependent preferential cytotoxicity toward malignant cells of hematopoietic origin. BKT140 significantly and preferentially stimulated multiple myeloma apoptotic cell death. BKT140 treatment induced morphological changes, phosphatidylserine externalization, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 activation, sub-G1 arrest, and DNA double-stranded breaks. RESULTS In vivo, subcutaneous injections of BKT140 significantly reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, the growth of human acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma xenografts. Tumors from animals treated with BKT140 were smaller in size and weights, had larger necrotic areas and high apoptotic scores. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest a potential therapeutic use for BKT140 in multiple myeloma and leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Beider
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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S-Methylisothiourea Induces Apoptosis of Herpes Simplex Virus-1-Infected Microglial Cells. Inflammation 2010; 34:388-401. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-010-9246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Guo YJ, Zhao L, Li XF, Mei YW, Zhang SL, Tao JY, Zhou Y, Dong JH. Effect of Corilagin on anti-inflammation in HSV-1 encephalitis and HSV-1 infected microglias. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 635:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Agrawal H, Jacob N, Carreras E, Bajana S, Putterman C, Turner S, Neas B, Mathian A, Koss MN, Stohl W, Kovats S, Jacob CO. Deficiency of type I IFN receptor in lupus-prone New Zealand mixed 2328 mice decreases dendritic cell numbers and activation and protects from disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6021-9. [PMID: 19812195 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFNs are potent regulators of innate and adaptive immunity and are implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Here we report that clinical and pathological lupus nephritis and serum anti-nuclear Ab levels are greatly attenuated in New Zealand Mixed (NZM) 2328 mice deficient in type I IFN receptors (IFNAR). To determine whether the inflammatory environment in NZM 2328 mice leads to IFNAR-regulated changes in dendritic cells (DC), the number, activation, and function of DC subsets were compared in 2- and 5-mo-old (clinically healthy) female NZM and NZM-IFNAR(-/-) mice. Numbers of activated CD40(high) plasmacytoid DC (pDC) were significantly increased in renal lymph nodes of 2-mo-old NZM but not NZM-IFNAR(-/-) mice, suggesting an early IFNAR-dependent expansion and activation of pDC at disease sites. Relative to NZM spleens, NZM-IFNAR(-/-) spleens in 5-mo-old mice were significantly decreased in size and contained reduced numbers of conventional DC subsets, but not pDC. Splenic and renal lymph node NZM-IFNAR(-/-) DC analyzed directly ex vivo expressed significantly less CD40, CD86, and PDL1 than did NZM DC. Upon activation with synthetic TLR9 ligands in vitro, splenic NZM-IFNAR(-/-) DC produced less IL-12p40/70 and TNF-alpha than did NZM DC. The limited IFNAR(-/-) DC response to endogenous activating stimuli correlated with reduced numbers of splenic activated memory CD4(+) T cells and CD19(+) B cells in older mice. Thus, IFNAR signaling significantly increases DC numbers, acquisition of Ag presentation competence, and proinflammatory function before onset of clinically apparent lupus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Agrawal
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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