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Three kinds of treatment with Homoharringtonine, Hydroxychloroquine or shRNA and their combination against coronavirus PEDV in vitro. Virol J 2020; 17:71. [PMID: 32493436 PMCID: PMC7267768 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) of the family Coronaviridae has caused substantial economic losses in the swine husbandry industry. There’s currently no specific drug available for treatment of coronaviruses or PEDV. Method In the current study, we use coronavirus PEDV as a model to study antiviral agents. Briefly, a fusion inhibitor tHR2, recombinant lentivirus-delivered shRNAs targeted to conserved M and N sequences, homoharringtonine (HHT), and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) were surveyed for their antiviral effects. Results Treatment with HCQ at 50 μM and HHT at 150 nM reduced virus titer in TCID50 by 30 and 3.5 fold respectively, and the combination reduced virus titer in TCID50 by 200 fold. Conclusion Our report demonstrates that the combination of HHT and HCQ exhibited higher antiviral activity than either HHT or HCQ exhibited. The information may contribute to the development of antiviral strategies effective in controlling PEDV infection.
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Es-Haghi M, Godakumara K, Häling A, Lättekivi F, Lavrits A, Viil J, Andronowska A, Nafee T, James V, Jaakma Ü, Salumets A, Fazeli A. Specific trophoblast transcripts transferred by extracellular vesicles affect gene expression in endometrial epithelial cells and may have a role in embryo-maternal crosstalk. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:146. [PMID: 31727082 PMCID: PMC6854687 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Successful establishment of pregnancy hinges on appropriate communication between the embryo and the uterus prior to implantation, but the nature of this communication remains poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the endometrium is receptive to embryo-derived signals in the form of RNA. Methods We have utilized a non-contact co culture system to simulate the conditions of pre implantation environment of the uterus. We bioorthogonally tagged embryonic RNA and tracked the transferred transcripts to endometrium. Transferred transcripts were separated from endometrial transcripts and sequenced. Changes in endometrial transcripts were quantified using quantitative PCR. Results We show that three specific transcripts are transferred to endometrial cells. We subsequently demonstrate a role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in this process, as EVs obtained from cultured trophoblast spheroids incubated with endometrial cells induced down-regulation of all the three identified transcripts in endometrial cells. Finally, we show that EVs/nanoparticles captured from conditioned culture media of viable embryos as opposed to degenerating embryos induce ZNF81 down-regulation in endometrial cells, hinting at the functional importance of this intercellular communication. Conclusion Ultimately, our findings demonstrate the existence of an RNA-based communication which may be of critical importance for the establishment of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Es-Haghi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kasun Godakumara
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Annika Häling
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Freddy Lättekivi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arina Lavrits
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Janeli Viil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aneta Andronowska
- Department of Hormonal Action Mechanisms, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tamer Nafee
- Academic unit of reproductive and developmental medicine, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Victoria James
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ülle Jaakma
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Salumets
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alireza Fazeli
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia. .,Academic unit of reproductive and developmental medicine, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Rizk M, Tüzmen Ş. Update on the clinical utility of an RNA interference-based treatment: focus on Patisiran. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2017; 10:267-278. [PMID: 29184431 PMCID: PMC5689029 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s87945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a naturally existing endogenous mechanism for post-transcriptional gene regulation, nowadays commonly utilized for functional characterization of genes and development of potential treatment strategies for diseases. RNAi-based studies for therapy, after being examined for over a decade, are finally in the pipeline for developing a potential treatment for the mutated transthyretin (TTR) gene, which gives rise to a dysfunctional TTR protein. This dysfunctional protein causes TTR amyloidosis (ATTR), an inherited, progressively incapacitating, and often fatal genetic disorder. TTR is a protein produced in the liver, and functions as a carrier for retinol-binding protein and also thyroxine. This protein facilitates the transport of vitamin A around the human body. A mutation or misprint in the code of this protein results in an abnormal folding of the protein. Therefore, not only does the transportation of the vitamin A become disabled, but also there will be formation of clusters called amyloid deposits, which attack the heart and the nerves causing some patients to be unconditionally bound to bed. ATTR is a hereditary autosomal dominant disease with a 50% chance of inheritance by offspring, even with just one of the parents having a single defective allele of this gene. Alnylam Pharmaceuticals worked on the concept of RNAi therapy for years, which led to the introduction of lipid nanoparticles encircling small interfering RNAs. The drug showed extremely positive results since the first trial, and a great percentage of defective protein reduction. This drug was later named Patisiran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Rizk
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU), Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Tüzmen
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU), Famagusta, North Cyprus, Turkey
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Deng L, Pan Y, Chen X, Chen G, Hu Z. Small RNAs were involved in homozygous state-associated silencing of a marker gene (Neomycin phosphotransferase II: nptII) in transgenic tomato plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 68:8-15. [PMID: 23612328 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Homozygous state-associated co-suppression is not a very common phenomenon. In our experiments, two transgenic plants 3A29 and 1195A were constructed by being transformed with the constructs pBIN-353A and pBIN119A containing nptII gene as a marker respectively. The homozygous progeny from these two independent transgenic lines 3A29 and 1195A, displayed kanamycin-sensitivity and produced a short main root without any lateral roots as untransformed control (wild-type) seedlings when germinated on kanamycin media. For the seedlings derived from putative hemizygous plants, the percentage of the seedlings showing normal growth on kanamycin media was about 50% and lower than the expected percentage (75%). Southern analysis of the genomic DNA confirmed that the homozygous and hemizygous plants derived from the same lines contained the same multiple nptII transgenes, which were located on the same site of chromosome. Northern analysis suggested that the marker nptII gene was expressed in the primary and the hemizygous transformants, but it was silenced in the homozygous transgenic plants. Further Northern analysis indicated that antisense and sense small nptII-derived RNAs were present in the transgenic plants and the blotting signal of nptII-derived small RNA was much higher in the homozygous transgenic plants than that of hemizygous transgenic plants. Additionally, read-through transcripts from the TRAMP gene to the nptII gene were detected. These results suggest that the read-through transcripts may be involved in homozygous state-associated silencing of the nptII transgene in transgenic tomato plants and a certain threshold level of the nptII-derived small RNAs is required for the homozygous state-associated co-suppression of the nptII transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Campus A, 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
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Ouyang W, Ma JR, Wang YQ, Qin LT, Jiang JY, Fan HJ, Wang XM, Wang YS. Reduction of infectious bursal disease virus replication by shRNAs targeting the VP1 and VP2 genes driven by chicken U6 promoter. Vet Microbiol 2013; 162:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tuzmen S, Tuzmen P, Arora S, Mousses S, Azorsa D. RNAi-based functional pharmacogenomics. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 700:271-90. [PMID: 21204040 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61737-954-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental alteration of gene expression is a powerful technique for functional characterization of disease genes. RNA interference (RNAi) is a naturally occurring mechanism of gene regulation, which is triggered by the introduction of double-stranded RNA into a cell. This phenomenon can be synthetically exploited to down-regulate expression of specific genes by transfecting mammalian cells with synthetic short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). These siRNAs can be designed to silence the expression of specific genes bearing a particular target sequence in high-throughput (HT) siRNA experimental systems and may potentially be presented as a therapeutic strategy for inhibiting transcriptional regulation of genes. This can constitute a strategy that can inhibit targets that are not tractable by small molecules such as chemical compounds. Large-scale experiments using low-dose drug exposure combined with siRNA also represent a promising discovery strategy for the purpose of identifying synergistic targets that facilitate synthetic lethal combination phenotypes. In light of such advantageous applications, siRNA technology has become an ideal research tool for studying gene function. In this chapter, we focus on the application of RNAi, with particular focus on HT siRNA phenotype profiling, to support cellular pharmacogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukru Tuzmen
- Pharmaceutical Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Xu LH, Fang JP, Weng WJ, Xu HG, Le Y. WITHDRAWN: Therapeutic efficacy of focal adhesion kinase downregulation in REH cells by RNA interference. Leuk Res 2010:S0145-2126(10)00580-1. [PMID: 21176958 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Hong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Senthil-Kumar M, Udayakumar M, Mysore KS. Functional characterization of water-deficit stress responsive genes using RNAi. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 639:193-206. [PMID: 20387047 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-702-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
In response to water-deficit stress, plants alter expression of thousands of genes and as a result, cellular, physiological, and biochemical processes are modified. Understanding the functional role of water-deficit stress-responsive genes is important in order to develop stress-tolerant plants. RNA interference (RNAi) technology is one of the potential reverse genetics tool for assessing the functional significance of these genes. We describe here the protocols for developing stable gene knockdown lines for stress-induced genes using RNAi. In addition, stress imposition method that allows plants to experience gradual acclimation stress is enumerated. Further, precautions that should be taken while developing RNAi lines and during stress imposition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthappa Senthil-Kumar
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Karnataka, India
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